AT HI Ed Westwood efforts design float models seaplane hulls have developed several formulas based experience have also drawn upon old Langley water tank report data complete bag tricks bag failed would just go cut-and-try after two three design variations Id get work Id like pass what Ive learned hopefully save readers time Ive spent thing certain business no matter well set design formulas seem work will always slightly different situation requires testing couple hull variations get satisfactory performance cases experience perseverance will usually win day Right up front should discuss what successful water-borne hull either single twin should should hold up its share models weight enough spare buoyancy allow itto plane easily driven forward enough speed should watertight durable offer low drag flying should configured such spray deflected away its hull interfere aircraft should rise smoothly displacement planing just little aft stick should porpoise during takeoff landing runout nor should tend snake planing skip landing Its step placement afterbody angle should such will capable being pitched aircrafts stalling angle attack takeoff landing last least its design should such construction commensurate complexity model above goal meet criteria first design Let us discuss various parameters influence float hull performance formulas correctly proportion Twin-Float Length Floats added models designed primarily land use Generic cross-section sizing formulas twin floats use lengths around 75% 80% fuselage measured prop rudder TE exact length determination involves doubling distance one-third prop diameter ahead propeller plane point directly below 40% MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord root chord few installations may require slightly float ahead prop 24 Model Aviation oats should complement model above Making effort match paint trim helps floats look like belong model Single float Steve Milos EDO fuselage length Flies well Forty-inch flat-bottom floats 11-pound model allow easy though float doesnt extend far text suggestsplaning liftoff minimum spray ILL DESIG touch up elevator during power-up usually solves plowing tendency Single-Float Length oftenoverlooked configuration works well few precautions taken during design Generally single floats fuselage length positioned such float tip 80% propeller diameter ahead prop Since step still positioned under 40% MAC point forebody considerably longer afterbody rather short afterbodies large keel angles single-float installations will cause porpoising skipping landing unless adequate step depth provided Calculation float hull cross-sections floats knowing length fresh water weighs 6243 lb/cu ft matter determining average cross section float come up formula buoyancy essentially two crosssections used models tapered-square semicircular chine extension cross-sections has about 50 tumble home narrowing towards top sides nearly-square cross-section envisioned have calculated about 70% step cross-section good average entire float section can averaged square formula beam width constant-width float 40 x W/L Beam twin float single float beam L W pounds L inches wish precise have large dead-rise crosssections relating step beam graphical integration entire hull average cross-section will result similar formulas Diagram 1 Using same concept turns out float constant-curvature top short 50 side sections chines has average cross-section about 60% circle diameter float width step formula diameters D twin_ 59W/L D single 1 l8WIL formulas assume float should capable carrying twice June1994 25 Planing tail hulls still around 40-year-old Neptune still flying lifts off flying speed achieved no pitching off early models five-degree keel angles combined two Steve Milos EDO lifts off Note low tip position generous degrees incidence keeps tops parallel waterline planing angles Single-float configuration often overlooked -ISome desi2ners Chart 1 26 ModI Aviation t 1 Ilie b doubled gel L Al LED t tewAy d ng beam ient K iy averages wit oiceyou kno B wing lo effort fterbi n 5 f4 founa g design Wh ratio 200 deaa Examin aft ice three to-bem ed Forebody Planing Angles have aJready presented chaits relating forebody planing angles dead-rise thus given deadrise angle woiAd seemingly b fled would tb length sectionremembering thataiength twice tle beam would required 25 dead-rie ngle4 However must consider optimum angle isrealiy bIIIy smbiliaed near breakawy speed seapinAles often achieve 11os raised model thei2be float hullso long heel angle will permit rnaxhnum Ci achievement forebdy planipg area angle need beslighlypositiv otie ortwo degrees angle increases sightly f6r dendrise angles up l0 AbQve some additional planing angle must onsidered say 4 dead-rise 250 veryof 8 planing anj concave de prior angle Forward extending again gave deaa-nse sortei asymptotic touchdown models e usually resist th unless scale easier t key to top bow asi 01 ins 14 14 40 Lzr IA i-li 1 51 H 44 12~j 10 1 QQIVE tURVE Typical smicIriuIar oraes-aectlon modeiEDQ-2OOO June 1994 27 4tir 12 II 4AT f -1--IRi -4Figure 1 Aircraftr F id necess tt tb nat eio Contei th t p aa itSelf] ivw unless Scale se steDs adding below 1 crsime general guidance no-wind operation float just raises wing pushed under sufficient Try contoured block foam test windy operation length two-thirds wings chord width above third wide deep will start Planing surfaces forebody bottom can flat v-shaped has experience rear angled flat surface should present itself water Its width stem should no less maximum width float itself angled 100 models waterline Height Heres lot folks get troubleplacing tip floats too high High floats will allow crosswinds raise upwind wing before opposite float can displace plane dynamic lift can help high wing doesnt get ahead situation reason always check rear planing surface level top hulls step ensures during displacement operation both tip floats well water liftoff stop stabilizing Although article about design construction would add tip floats have habit being bent Rather anchor huge struts can still break off wing provide weak struts allow break can fix easily Summary floats ought look like belong modelclunky clunky rounded rounded matched contours colors pencil eye should coordinate water equipment rest pleasing combination Once have determined correct float length knowing weight completed model will enable calculate width using formulas provided Forebody angle should degree two positive immediately ahead step planing area should flat thence ogive curve bow step height should 14% beam Keel angles should such wings max Ci can achieved normally 48o hulls knowing wing area estimating stall speed will allow determination step height afterbody keel angle stable landings takeoffs Afterbody length can influence stability formula will still consider one-beam-width wide flat bottoms increased twice dead-rise 250 Planing angle determined afterbody keel angle since model can pitched angle between elevator usually start couple degrees positive however rather parallel water line Hull forebody length must long enough support model raise nose during initial planing hump phase Failure provide adequate forebody length beam will cause plowing extreme cases prevent humping entirely 4Order Form CALL OR USE THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TO SPEED YOUR ORDER FILL IN QTY ON THE LEFT THE TOTAL ON RIGHT Freight free qts gals No handling charge Freight collect drums deduct 3% prepay Mix qty Total qty detemines price SC orders add 5% sales tax Dealer club prices avail Accept credit cards checks COD COD add $450 per carton UPS shipments add $700 per carton hazardous materials fee No hazard fee orders 24 gals shipped motorfreight OTY FUEL ONE 4 GAL 24 GAL 60 GAL 126 GAL 54 GAL TOTAL ORDERED MIXTURE GAL _CASE PER GA PER GA PER GAL DRUM $AMT RED MAX PREMIUM FUEL Easy beginners powerful experts Available synthetic Castor blends RED MAX 01035776755693621 16677 _____ RED MAX 51143857834766686 21343 _____ RED MAX 101278958933856767 27175 _____ RED MAX 121332999972892799 29507 _____ RED MAX 15138610391012929832 31840 ____ RED MAX RACING FUEL Trophy winners planes boats cars loads documented records RED MAX 201574118111491055945 37486 ____ RED MAX 2517101282124811461026 42972 ____ REDMAX3O18441383134612361107 48430 ____ RED MAX 4021151586154414171269 59375 _____ RED MAX 5024391829178116341464 72513 _____ RED MAX 6027092032197818151626 83448 _____ RED MAX6S28442133207619061707 88915 ____ RED MAX 4-CYCLE FUEL Eliminates detonation & kickback 4-cy engines specially good older models 10-4 CYCLE 1321 990 964 885 792 27201 ____ 15-4 CYCLE 1456 1092 1063 975 873 32669 _____ RED MAX HELICOPTER FUEL Extremely smooth & cool running extra defoamer & special oil helicopters 10 HELICOPTER13591019992911816 28773 _____ 15 HELICOPTER1494112110911001897 34240 _____ 25HELICOPTER18021351131512071081 46694 _____ 3OHELICOPTER1938145414151299116352214 RED MAX DUCTED FAN FUEL flash point special oil use tuned pipes ducted fan other heavy duly applications 5 FAN1224918894820735 23305 _____ lOFAN13591019992911 81628773 ____ 15 FAN1494112110911001897 34240 ____ RED MAX PATTERN FUEL Proven best fuel pattern engines using pumps tuned pipes 5 PATTERN1175881858787705 23328 _____ 10 PATTERN 1323993966887794 29342 _____ 15 PATTERN 147211041074986883 35357 ____ SUPER TIGER 3000 FUEL Best fuel Super Tiger 2000 4000 engines ST 3000 1278 958 933 856 767 27175 ____ RED MAX DIESEL FUEL Superior diesel back list popular demand customers GAL 2213 1660 1615 1482 1328 55234 _____ OTS 1473 1105 1075 987 884 ______ CUSTOM BLENDED FUEL INGREDIENTSGrid will mix custom fuel formula special engine minimum gallon Fuel ingredients available minimum l quantities gallon Call prices items Also special 2cycle oil big engines such SAX etc Cleaner cooler running oil other market PRICES MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. EASE PRINT Power easy starting power smooth take offs power intricate maneuvers Red Max makes engine come alive power performance never expected can have power Its phone call away Power today next week next year Red Maxs secret ingredients keep engine lasting longer running powerfully other 100% money back guarantee completely satisfied reason Red Max has power better idle better wear characteristics other fuel 30 Model Aviation 4RED MAX FUEL /STREET ISTATE/ZIP TYPE AND NO DATE _____________
Edition: Model Aviation - 1994/06
Page Numbers: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30
AT HI Ed Westwood efforts design float models seaplane hulls have developed several formulas based experience have also drawn upon old Langley water tank report data complete bag tricks bag failed would just go cut-and-try after two three design variations Id get work Id like pass what Ive learned hopefully save readers time Ive spent thing certain business no matter well set design formulas seem work will always slightly different situation requires testing couple hull variations get satisfactory performance cases experience perseverance will usually win day Right up front should discuss what successful water-borne hull either single twin should should hold up its share models weight enough spare buoyancy allow itto plane easily driven forward enough speed should watertight durable offer low drag flying should configured such spray deflected away its hull interfere aircraft should rise smoothly displacement planing just little aft stick should porpoise during takeoff landing runout nor should tend snake planing skip landing Its step placement afterbody angle should such will capable being pitched aircrafts stalling angle attack takeoff landing last least its design should such construction commensurate complexity model above goal meet criteria first design Let us discuss various parameters influence float hull performance formulas correctly proportion Twin-Float Length Floats added models designed primarily land use Generic cross-section sizing formulas twin floats use lengths around 75% 80% fuselage measured prop rudder TE exact length determination involves doubling distance one-third prop diameter ahead propeller plane point directly below 40% MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord root chord few installations may require slightly float ahead prop 24 Model Aviation oats should complement model above Making effort match paint trim helps floats look like belong model Single float Steve Milos EDO fuselage length Flies well Forty-inch flat-bottom floats 11-pound model allow easy though float doesnt extend far text suggestsplaning liftoff minimum spray ILL DESIG touch up elevator during power-up usually solves plowing tendency Single-Float Length oftenoverlooked configuration works well few precautions taken during design Generally single floats fuselage length positioned such float tip 80% propeller diameter ahead prop Since step still positioned under 40% MAC point forebody considerably longer afterbody rather short afterbodies large keel angles single-float installations will cause porpoising skipping landing unless adequate step depth provided Calculation float hull cross-sections floats knowing length fresh water weighs 6243 lb/cu ft matter determining average cross section float come up formula buoyancy essentially two crosssections used models tapered-square semicircular chine extension cross-sections has about 50 tumble home narrowing towards top sides nearly-square cross-section envisioned have calculated about 70% step cross-section good average entire float section can averaged square formula beam width constant-width float 40 x W/L Beam twin float single float beam L W pounds L inches wish precise have large dead-rise crosssections relating step beam graphical integration entire hull average cross-section will result similar formulas Diagram 1 Using same concept turns out float constant-curvature top short 50 side sections chines has average cross-section about 60% circle diameter float width step formula diameters D twin_ 59W/L D single 1 l8WIL formulas assume float should capable carrying twice June1994 25 Planing tail hulls still around 40-year-old Neptune still flying lifts off flying speed achieved no pitching off early models five-degree keel angles combined two Steve Milos EDO lifts off Note low tip position generous degrees incidence keeps tops parallel waterline planing angles Single-float configuration often overlooked -ISome desi2ners Chart 1 26 ModI Aviation t 1 Ilie b doubled gel L Al LED t tewAy d ng beam ient K iy averages wit oiceyou kno B wing lo effort fterbi n 5 f4 founa g design Wh ratio 200 deaa Examin aft ice three to-bem ed Forebody Planing Angles have aJready presented chaits relating forebody planing angles dead-rise thus given deadrise angle woiAd seemingly b fled would tb length sectionremembering thataiength twice tle beam would required 25 dead-rie ngle4 However must consider optimum angle isrealiy bIIIy smbiliaed near breakawy speed seapinAles often achieve 11os raised model thei2be float hullso long heel angle will permit rnaxhnum Ci achievement forebdy planipg area angle need beslighlypositiv otie ortwo degrees angle increases sightly f6r dendrise angles up l0 AbQve some additional planing angle must onsidered say 4 dead-rise 250 veryof 8 planing anj concave de prior angle Forward extending again gave deaa-nse sortei asymptotic touchdown models e usually resist th unless scale easier t key to top bow asi 01 ins 14 14 40 Lzr IA i-li 1 51 H 44 12~j 10 1 QQIVE tURVE Typical smicIriuIar oraes-aectlon modeiEDQ-2OOO June 1994 27 4tir 12 II 4AT f -1--IRi -4Figure 1 Aircraftr F id necess tt tb nat eio Contei th t p aa itSelf] ivw unless Scale se steDs adding below 1 crsime general guidance no-wind operation float just raises wing pushed under sufficient Try contoured block foam test windy operation length two-thirds wings chord width above third wide deep will start Planing surfaces forebody bottom can flat v-shaped has experience rear angled flat surface should present itself water Its width stem should no less maximum width float itself angled 100 models waterline Height Heres lot folks get troubleplacing tip floats too high High floats will allow crosswinds raise upwind wing before opposite float can displace plane dynamic lift can help high wing doesnt get ahead situation reason always check rear planing surface level top hulls step ensures during displacement operation both tip floats well water liftoff stop stabilizing Although article about design construction would add tip floats have habit being bent Rather anchor huge struts can still break off wing provide weak struts allow break can fix easily Summary floats ought look like belong modelclunky clunky rounded rounded matched contours colors pencil eye should coordinate water equipment rest pleasing combination Once have determined correct float length knowing weight completed model will enable calculate width using formulas provided Forebody angle should degree two positive immediately ahead step planing area should flat thence ogive curve bow step height should 14% beam Keel angles should such wings max Ci can achieved normally 48o hulls knowing wing area estimating stall speed will allow determination step height afterbody keel angle stable landings takeoffs Afterbody length can influence stability formula will still consider one-beam-width wide flat bottoms increased twice dead-rise 250 Planing angle determined afterbody keel angle since model can pitched angle between elevator usually start couple degrees positive however rather parallel water line Hull forebody length must long enough support model raise nose during initial planing hump phase Failure provide adequate forebody length beam will cause plowing extreme cases prevent humping entirely 4Order Form CALL OR USE THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TO SPEED YOUR ORDER FILL IN QTY ON THE LEFT THE TOTAL ON RIGHT Freight free qts gals No handling charge Freight collect drums deduct 3% prepay Mix qty Total qty detemines price SC orders add 5% sales tax Dealer club prices avail Accept credit cards checks COD COD add $450 per carton UPS shipments add $700 per carton hazardous materials fee No hazard fee orders 24 gals shipped motorfreight OTY FUEL ONE 4 GAL 24 GAL 60 GAL 126 GAL 54 GAL TOTAL ORDERED MIXTURE GAL _CASE PER GA PER GA PER GAL DRUM $AMT RED MAX PREMIUM FUEL Easy beginners powerful experts Available synthetic Castor blends RED MAX 01035776755693621 16677 _____ RED MAX 51143857834766686 21343 _____ RED MAX 101278958933856767 27175 _____ RED MAX 121332999972892799 29507 _____ RED MAX 15138610391012929832 31840 ____ RED MAX RACING FUEL Trophy winners planes boats cars loads documented records RED MAX 201574118111491055945 37486 ____ RED MAX 2517101282124811461026 42972 ____ REDMAX3O18441383134612361107 48430 ____ RED MAX 4021151586154414171269 59375 _____ RED MAX 5024391829178116341464 72513 _____ RED MAX 6027092032197818151626 83448 _____ RED MAX6S28442133207619061707 88915 ____ RED MAX 4-CYCLE FUEL Eliminates detonation & kickback 4-cy engines specially good older models 10-4 CYCLE 1321 990 964 885 792 27201 ____ 15-4 CYCLE 1456 1092 1063 975 873 32669 _____ RED MAX HELICOPTER FUEL Extremely smooth & cool running extra defoamer & special oil helicopters 10 HELICOPTER13591019992911816 28773 _____ 15 HELICOPTER1494112110911001897 34240 _____ 25HELICOPTER18021351131512071081 46694 _____ 3OHELICOPTER1938145414151299116352214 RED MAX DUCTED FAN FUEL flash point special oil use tuned pipes ducted fan other heavy duly applications 5 FAN1224918894820735 23305 _____ lOFAN13591019992911 81628773 ____ 15 FAN1494112110911001897 34240 ____ RED MAX PATTERN FUEL Proven best fuel pattern engines using pumps tuned pipes 5 PATTERN1175881858787705 23328 _____ 10 PATTERN 1323993966887794 29342 _____ 15 PATTERN 147211041074986883 35357 ____ SUPER TIGER 3000 FUEL Best fuel Super Tiger 2000 4000 engines ST 3000 1278 958 933 856 767 27175 ____ RED MAX DIESEL FUEL Superior diesel back list popular demand customers GAL 2213 1660 1615 1482 1328 55234 _____ OTS 1473 1105 1075 987 884 ______ CUSTOM BLENDED FUEL INGREDIENTSGrid will mix custom fuel formula special engine minimum gallon Fuel ingredients available minimum l quantities gallon Call prices items Also special 2cycle oil big engines such SAX etc Cleaner cooler running oil other market PRICES MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. EASE PRINT Power easy starting power smooth take offs power intricate maneuvers Red Max makes engine come alive power performance never expected can have power Its phone call away Power today next week next year Red Maxs secret ingredients keep engine lasting longer running powerfully other 100% money back guarantee completely satisfied reason Red Max has power better idle better wear characteristics other fuel 30 Model Aviation 4RED MAX FUEL /STREET ISTATE/ZIP TYPE AND NO DATE _____________
Edition: Model Aviation - 1994/06
Page Numbers: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30
AT HI Ed Westwood efforts design float models seaplane hulls have developed several formulas based experience have also drawn upon old Langley water tank report data complete bag tricks bag failed would just go cut-and-try after two three design variations Id get work Id like pass what Ive learned hopefully save readers time Ive spent thing certain business no matter well set design formulas seem work will always slightly different situation requires testing couple hull variations get satisfactory performance cases experience perseverance will usually win day Right up front should discuss what successful water-borne hull either single twin should should hold up its share models weight enough spare buoyancy allow itto plane easily driven forward enough speed should watertight durable offer low drag flying should configured such spray deflected away its hull interfere aircraft should rise smoothly displacement planing just little aft stick should porpoise during takeoff landing runout nor should tend snake planing skip landing Its step placement afterbody angle should such will capable being pitched aircrafts stalling angle attack takeoff landing last least its design should such construction commensurate complexity model above goal meet criteria first design Let us discuss various parameters influence float hull performance formulas correctly proportion Twin-Float Length Floats added models designed primarily land use Generic cross-section sizing formulas twin floats use lengths around 75% 80% fuselage measured prop rudder TE exact length determination involves doubling distance one-third prop diameter ahead propeller plane point directly below 40% MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord root chord few installations may require slightly float ahead prop 24 Model Aviation oats should complement model above Making effort match paint trim helps floats look like belong model Single float Steve Milos EDO fuselage length Flies well Forty-inch flat-bottom floats 11-pound model allow easy though float doesnt extend far text suggestsplaning liftoff minimum spray ILL DESIG touch up elevator during power-up usually solves plowing tendency Single-Float Length oftenoverlooked configuration works well few precautions taken during design Generally single floats fuselage length positioned such float tip 80% propeller diameter ahead prop Since step still positioned under 40% MAC point forebody considerably longer afterbody rather short afterbodies large keel angles single-float installations will cause porpoising skipping landing unless adequate step depth provided Calculation float hull cross-sections floats knowing length fresh water weighs 6243 lb/cu ft matter determining average cross section float come up formula buoyancy essentially two crosssections used models tapered-square semicircular chine extension cross-sections has about 50 tumble home narrowing towards top sides nearly-square cross-section envisioned have calculated about 70% step cross-section good average entire float section can averaged square formula beam width constant-width float 40 x W/L Beam twin float single float beam L W pounds L inches wish precise have large dead-rise crosssections relating step beam graphical integration entire hull average cross-section will result similar formulas Diagram 1 Using same concept turns out float constant-curvature top short 50 side sections chines has average cross-section about 60% circle diameter float width step formula diameters D twin_ 59W/L D single 1 l8WIL formulas assume float should capable carrying twice June1994 25 Planing tail hulls still around 40-year-old Neptune still flying lifts off flying speed achieved no pitching off early models five-degree keel angles combined two Steve Milos EDO lifts off Note low tip position generous degrees incidence keeps tops parallel waterline planing angles Single-float configuration often overlooked -ISome desi2ners Chart 1 26 ModI Aviation t 1 Ilie b doubled gel L Al LED t tewAy d ng beam ient K iy averages wit oiceyou kno B wing lo effort fterbi n 5 f4 founa g design Wh ratio 200 deaa Examin aft ice three to-bem ed Forebody Planing Angles have aJready presented chaits relating forebody planing angles dead-rise thus given deadrise angle woiAd seemingly b fled would tb length sectionremembering thataiength twice tle beam would required 25 dead-rie ngle4 However must consider optimum angle isrealiy bIIIy smbiliaed near breakawy speed seapinAles often achieve 11os raised model thei2be float hullso long heel angle will permit rnaxhnum Ci achievement forebdy planipg area angle need beslighlypositiv otie ortwo degrees angle increases sightly f6r dendrise angles up l0 AbQve some additional planing angle must onsidered say 4 dead-rise 250 veryof 8 planing anj concave de prior angle Forward extending again gave deaa-nse sortei asymptotic touchdown models e usually resist th unless scale easier t key to top bow asi 01 ins 14 14 40 Lzr IA i-li 1 51 H 44 12~j 10 1 QQIVE tURVE Typical smicIriuIar oraes-aectlon modeiEDQ-2OOO June 1994 27 4tir 12 II 4AT f -1--IRi -4Figure 1 Aircraftr F id necess tt tb nat eio Contei th t p aa itSelf] ivw unless Scale se steDs adding below 1 crsime general guidance no-wind operation float just raises wing pushed under sufficient Try contoured block foam test windy operation length two-thirds wings chord width above third wide deep will start Planing surfaces forebody bottom can flat v-shaped has experience rear angled flat surface should present itself water Its width stem should no less maximum width float itself angled 100 models waterline Height Heres lot folks get troubleplacing tip floats too high High floats will allow crosswinds raise upwind wing before opposite float can displace plane dynamic lift can help high wing doesnt get ahead situation reason always check rear planing surface level top hulls step ensures during displacement operation both tip floats well water liftoff stop stabilizing Although article about design construction would add tip floats have habit being bent Rather anchor huge struts can still break off wing provide weak struts allow break can fix easily Summary floats ought look like belong modelclunky clunky rounded rounded matched contours colors pencil eye should coordinate water equipment rest pleasing combination Once have determined correct float length knowing weight completed model will enable calculate width using formulas provided Forebody angle should degree two positive immediately ahead step planing area should flat thence ogive curve bow step height should 14% beam Keel angles should such wings max Ci can achieved normally 48o hulls knowing wing area estimating stall speed will allow determination step height afterbody keel angle stable landings takeoffs Afterbody length can influence stability formula will still consider one-beam-width wide flat bottoms increased twice dead-rise 250 Planing angle determined afterbody keel angle since model can pitched angle between elevator usually start couple degrees positive however rather parallel water line Hull forebody length must long enough support model raise nose during initial planing hump phase Failure provide adequate forebody length beam will cause plowing extreme cases prevent humping entirely 4Order Form CALL OR USE THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TO SPEED YOUR ORDER FILL IN QTY ON THE LEFT THE TOTAL ON RIGHT Freight free qts gals No handling charge Freight collect drums deduct 3% prepay Mix qty Total qty detemines price SC orders add 5% sales tax Dealer club prices avail Accept credit cards checks COD COD add $450 per carton UPS shipments add $700 per carton hazardous materials fee No hazard fee orders 24 gals shipped motorfreight OTY FUEL ONE 4 GAL 24 GAL 60 GAL 126 GAL 54 GAL TOTAL ORDERED MIXTURE GAL _CASE PER GA PER GA PER GAL DRUM $AMT RED MAX PREMIUM FUEL Easy beginners powerful experts Available synthetic Castor blends RED MAX 01035776755693621 16677 _____ RED MAX 51143857834766686 21343 _____ RED MAX 101278958933856767 27175 _____ RED MAX 121332999972892799 29507 _____ RED MAX 15138610391012929832 31840 ____ RED MAX RACING FUEL Trophy winners planes boats cars loads documented records RED MAX 201574118111491055945 37486 ____ RED MAX 2517101282124811461026 42972 ____ REDMAX3O18441383134612361107 48430 ____ RED MAX 4021151586154414171269 59375 _____ RED MAX 5024391829178116341464 72513 _____ RED MAX 6027092032197818151626 83448 _____ RED MAX6S28442133207619061707 88915 ____ RED MAX 4-CYCLE FUEL Eliminates detonation & kickback 4-cy engines specially good older models 10-4 CYCLE 1321 990 964 885 792 27201 ____ 15-4 CYCLE 1456 1092 1063 975 873 32669 _____ RED MAX HELICOPTER FUEL Extremely smooth & cool running extra defoamer & special oil helicopters 10 HELICOPTER13591019992911816 28773 _____ 15 HELICOPTER1494112110911001897 34240 _____ 25HELICOPTER18021351131512071081 46694 _____ 3OHELICOPTER1938145414151299116352214 RED MAX DUCTED FAN FUEL flash point special oil use tuned pipes ducted fan other heavy duly applications 5 FAN1224918894820735 23305 _____ lOFAN13591019992911 81628773 ____ 15 FAN1494112110911001897 34240 ____ RED MAX PATTERN FUEL Proven best fuel pattern engines using pumps tuned pipes 5 PATTERN1175881858787705 23328 _____ 10 PATTERN 1323993966887794 29342 _____ 15 PATTERN 147211041074986883 35357 ____ SUPER TIGER 3000 FUEL Best fuel Super Tiger 2000 4000 engines ST 3000 1278 958 933 856 767 27175 ____ RED MAX DIESEL FUEL Superior diesel back list popular demand customers GAL 2213 1660 1615 1482 1328 55234 _____ OTS 1473 1105 1075 987 884 ______ CUSTOM BLENDED FUEL INGREDIENTSGrid will mix custom fuel formula special engine minimum gallon Fuel ingredients available minimum l quantities gallon Call prices items Also special 2cycle oil big engines such SAX etc Cleaner cooler running oil other market PRICES MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. EASE PRINT Power easy starting power smooth take offs power intricate maneuvers Red Max makes engine come alive power performance never expected can have power Its phone call away Power today next week next year Red Maxs secret ingredients keep engine lasting longer running powerfully other 100% money back guarantee completely satisfied reason Red Max has power better idle better wear characteristics other fuel 30 Model Aviation 4RED MAX FUEL /STREET ISTATE/ZIP TYPE AND NO DATE _____________
Edition: Model Aviation - 1994/06
Page Numbers: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30
AT HI Ed Westwood efforts design float models seaplane hulls have developed several formulas based experience have also drawn upon old Langley water tank report data complete bag tricks bag failed would just go cut-and-try after two three design variations Id get work Id like pass what Ive learned hopefully save readers time Ive spent thing certain business no matter well set design formulas seem work will always slightly different situation requires testing couple hull variations get satisfactory performance cases experience perseverance will usually win day Right up front should discuss what successful water-borne hull either single twin should should hold up its share models weight enough spare buoyancy allow itto plane easily driven forward enough speed should watertight durable offer low drag flying should configured such spray deflected away its hull interfere aircraft should rise smoothly displacement planing just little aft stick should porpoise during takeoff landing runout nor should tend snake planing skip landing Its step placement afterbody angle should such will capable being pitched aircrafts stalling angle attack takeoff landing last least its design should such construction commensurate complexity model above goal meet criteria first design Let us discuss various parameters influence float hull performance formulas correctly proportion Twin-Float Length Floats added models designed primarily land use Generic cross-section sizing formulas twin floats use lengths around 75% 80% fuselage measured prop rudder TE exact length determination involves doubling distance one-third prop diameter ahead propeller plane point directly below 40% MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord root chord few installations may require slightly float ahead prop 24 Model Aviation oats should complement model above Making effort match paint trim helps floats look like belong model Single float Steve Milos EDO fuselage length Flies well Forty-inch flat-bottom floats 11-pound model allow easy though float doesnt extend far text suggestsplaning liftoff minimum spray ILL DESIG touch up elevator during power-up usually solves plowing tendency Single-Float Length oftenoverlooked configuration works well few precautions taken during design Generally single floats fuselage length positioned such float tip 80% propeller diameter ahead prop Since step still positioned under 40% MAC point forebody considerably longer afterbody rather short afterbodies large keel angles single-float installations will cause porpoising skipping landing unless adequate step depth provided Calculation float hull cross-sections floats knowing length fresh water weighs 6243 lb/cu ft matter determining average cross section float come up formula buoyancy essentially two crosssections used models tapered-square semicircular chine extension cross-sections has about 50 tumble home narrowing towards top sides nearly-square cross-section envisioned have calculated about 70% step cross-section good average entire float section can averaged square formula beam width constant-width float 40 x W/L Beam twin float single float beam L W pounds L inches wish precise have large dead-rise crosssections relating step beam graphical integration entire hull average cross-section will result similar formulas Diagram 1 Using same concept turns out float constant-curvature top short 50 side sections chines has average cross-section about 60% circle diameter float width step formula diameters D twin_ 59W/L D single 1 l8WIL formulas assume float should capable carrying twice June1994 25 Planing tail hulls still around 40-year-old Neptune still flying lifts off flying speed achieved no pitching off early models five-degree keel angles combined two Steve Milos EDO lifts off Note low tip position generous degrees incidence keeps tops parallel waterline planing angles Single-float configuration often overlooked -ISome desi2ners Chart 1 26 ModI Aviation t 1 Ilie b doubled gel L Al LED t tewAy d ng beam ient K iy averages wit oiceyou kno B wing lo effort fterbi n 5 f4 founa g design Wh ratio 200 deaa Examin aft ice three to-bem ed Forebody Planing Angles have aJready presented chaits relating forebody planing angles dead-rise thus given deadrise angle woiAd seemingly b fled would tb length sectionremembering thataiength twice tle beam would required 25 dead-rie ngle4 However must consider optimum angle isrealiy bIIIy smbiliaed near breakawy speed seapinAles often achieve 11os raised model thei2be float hullso long heel angle will permit rnaxhnum Ci achievement forebdy planipg area angle need beslighlypositiv otie ortwo degrees angle increases sightly f6r dendrise angles up l0 AbQve some additional planing angle must onsidered say 4 dead-rise 250 veryof 8 planing anj concave de prior angle Forward extending again gave deaa-nse sortei asymptotic touchdown models e usually resist th unless scale easier t key to top bow asi 01 ins 14 14 40 Lzr IA i-li 1 51 H 44 12~j 10 1 QQIVE tURVE Typical smicIriuIar oraes-aectlon modeiEDQ-2OOO June 1994 27 4tir 12 II 4AT f -1--IRi -4Figure 1 Aircraftr F id necess tt tb nat eio Contei th t p aa itSelf] ivw unless Scale se steDs adding below 1 crsime general guidance no-wind operation float just raises wing pushed under sufficient Try contoured block foam test windy operation length two-thirds wings chord width above third wide deep will start Planing surfaces forebody bottom can flat v-shaped has experience rear angled flat surface should present itself water Its width stem should no less maximum width float itself angled 100 models waterline Height Heres lot folks get troubleplacing tip floats too high High floats will allow crosswinds raise upwind wing before opposite float can displace plane dynamic lift can help high wing doesnt get ahead situation reason always check rear planing surface level top hulls step ensures during displacement operation both tip floats well water liftoff stop stabilizing Although article about design construction would add tip floats have habit being bent Rather anchor huge struts can still break off wing provide weak struts allow break can fix easily Summary floats ought look like belong modelclunky clunky rounded rounded matched contours colors pencil eye should coordinate water equipment rest pleasing combination Once have determined correct float length knowing weight completed model will enable calculate width using formulas provided Forebody angle should degree two positive immediately ahead step planing area should flat thence ogive curve bow step height should 14% beam Keel angles should such wings max Ci can achieved normally 48o hulls knowing wing area estimating stall speed will allow determination step height afterbody keel angle stable landings takeoffs Afterbody length can influence stability formula will still consider one-beam-width wide flat bottoms increased twice dead-rise 250 Planing angle determined afterbody keel angle since model can pitched angle between elevator usually start couple degrees positive however rather parallel water line Hull forebody length must long enough support model raise nose during initial planing hump phase Failure provide adequate forebody length beam will cause plowing extreme cases prevent humping entirely 4Order Form CALL OR USE THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TO SPEED YOUR ORDER FILL IN QTY ON THE LEFT THE TOTAL ON RIGHT Freight free qts gals No handling charge Freight collect drums deduct 3% prepay Mix qty Total qty detemines price SC orders add 5% sales tax Dealer club prices avail Accept credit cards checks COD COD add $450 per carton UPS shipments add $700 per carton hazardous materials fee No hazard fee orders 24 gals shipped motorfreight OTY FUEL ONE 4 GAL 24 GAL 60 GAL 126 GAL 54 GAL TOTAL ORDERED MIXTURE GAL _CASE PER GA PER GA PER GAL DRUM $AMT RED MAX PREMIUM FUEL Easy beginners powerful experts Available synthetic Castor blends RED MAX 01035776755693621 16677 _____ RED MAX 51143857834766686 21343 _____ RED MAX 101278958933856767 27175 _____ RED MAX 121332999972892799 29507 _____ RED MAX 15138610391012929832 31840 ____ RED MAX RACING FUEL Trophy winners planes boats cars loads documented records RED MAX 201574118111491055945 37486 ____ RED MAX 2517101282124811461026 42972 ____ REDMAX3O18441383134612361107 48430 ____ RED MAX 4021151586154414171269 59375 _____ RED MAX 5024391829178116341464 72513 _____ RED MAX 6027092032197818151626 83448 _____ RED MAX6S28442133207619061707 88915 ____ RED MAX 4-CYCLE FUEL Eliminates detonation & kickback 4-cy engines specially good older models 10-4 CYCLE 1321 990 964 885 792 27201 ____ 15-4 CYCLE 1456 1092 1063 975 873 32669 _____ RED MAX HELICOPTER FUEL Extremely smooth & cool running extra defoamer & special oil helicopters 10 HELICOPTER13591019992911816 28773 _____ 15 HELICOPTER1494112110911001897 34240 _____ 25HELICOPTER18021351131512071081 46694 _____ 3OHELICOPTER1938145414151299116352214 RED MAX DUCTED FAN FUEL flash point special oil use tuned pipes ducted fan other heavy duly applications 5 FAN1224918894820735 23305 _____ lOFAN13591019992911 81628773 ____ 15 FAN1494112110911001897 34240 ____ RED MAX PATTERN FUEL Proven best fuel pattern engines using pumps tuned pipes 5 PATTERN1175881858787705 23328 _____ 10 PATTERN 1323993966887794 29342 _____ 15 PATTERN 147211041074986883 35357 ____ SUPER TIGER 3000 FUEL Best fuel Super Tiger 2000 4000 engines ST 3000 1278 958 933 856 767 27175 ____ RED MAX DIESEL FUEL Superior diesel back list popular demand customers GAL 2213 1660 1615 1482 1328 55234 _____ OTS 1473 1105 1075 987 884 ______ CUSTOM BLENDED FUEL INGREDIENTSGrid will mix custom fuel formula special engine minimum gallon Fuel ingredients available minimum l quantities gallon Call prices items Also special 2cycle oil big engines such SAX etc Cleaner cooler running oil other market PRICES MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. EASE PRINT Power easy starting power smooth take offs power intricate maneuvers Red Max makes engine come alive power performance never expected can have power Its phone call away Power today next week next year Red Maxs secret ingredients keep engine lasting longer running powerfully other 100% money back guarantee completely satisfied reason Red Max has power better idle better wear characteristics other fuel 30 Model Aviation 4RED MAX FUEL /STREET ISTATE/ZIP TYPE AND NO DATE _____________
Edition: Model Aviation - 1994/06
Page Numbers: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30
AT HI Ed Westwood efforts design float models seaplane hulls have developed several formulas based experience have also drawn upon old Langley water tank report data complete bag tricks bag failed would just go cut-and-try after two three design variations Id get work Id like pass what Ive learned hopefully save readers time Ive spent thing certain business no matter well set design formulas seem work will always slightly different situation requires testing couple hull variations get satisfactory performance cases experience perseverance will usually win day Right up front should discuss what successful water-borne hull either single twin should should hold up its share models weight enough spare buoyancy allow itto plane easily driven forward enough speed should watertight durable offer low drag flying should configured such spray deflected away its hull interfere aircraft should rise smoothly displacement planing just little aft stick should porpoise during takeoff landing runout nor should tend snake planing skip landing Its step placement afterbody angle should such will capable being pitched aircrafts stalling angle attack takeoff landing last least its design should such construction commensurate complexity model above goal meet criteria first design Let us discuss various parameters influence float hull performance formulas correctly proportion Twin-Float Length Floats added models designed primarily land use Generic cross-section sizing formulas twin floats use lengths around 75% 80% fuselage measured prop rudder TE exact length determination involves doubling distance one-third prop diameter ahead propeller plane point directly below 40% MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord root chord few installations may require slightly float ahead prop 24 Model Aviation oats should complement model above Making effort match paint trim helps floats look like belong model Single float Steve Milos EDO fuselage length Flies well Forty-inch flat-bottom floats 11-pound model allow easy though float doesnt extend far text suggestsplaning liftoff minimum spray ILL DESIG touch up elevator during power-up usually solves plowing tendency Single-Float Length oftenoverlooked configuration works well few precautions taken during design Generally single floats fuselage length positioned such float tip 80% propeller diameter ahead prop Since step still positioned under 40% MAC point forebody considerably longer afterbody rather short afterbodies large keel angles single-float installations will cause porpoising skipping landing unless adequate step depth provided Calculation float hull cross-sections floats knowing length fresh water weighs 6243 lb/cu ft matter determining average cross section float come up formula buoyancy essentially two crosssections used models tapered-square semicircular chine extension cross-sections has about 50 tumble home narrowing towards top sides nearly-square cross-section envisioned have calculated about 70% step cross-section good average entire float section can averaged square formula beam width constant-width float 40 x W/L Beam twin float single float beam L W pounds L inches wish precise have large dead-rise crosssections relating step beam graphical integration entire hull average cross-section will result similar formulas Diagram 1 Using same concept turns out float constant-curvature top short 50 side sections chines has average cross-section about 60% circle diameter float width step formula diameters D twin_ 59W/L D single 1 l8WIL formulas assume float should capable carrying twice June1994 25 Planing tail hulls still around 40-year-old Neptune still flying lifts off flying speed achieved no pitching off early models five-degree keel angles combined two Steve Milos EDO lifts off Note low tip position generous degrees incidence keeps tops parallel waterline planing angles Single-float configuration often overlooked -ISome desi2ners Chart 1 26 ModI Aviation t 1 Ilie b doubled gel L Al LED t tewAy d ng beam ient K iy averages wit oiceyou kno B wing lo effort fterbi n 5 f4 founa g design Wh ratio 200 deaa Examin aft ice three to-bem ed Forebody Planing Angles have aJready presented chaits relating forebody planing angles dead-rise thus given deadrise angle woiAd seemingly b fled would tb length sectionremembering thataiength twice tle beam would required 25 dead-rie ngle4 However must consider optimum angle isrealiy bIIIy smbiliaed near breakawy speed seapinAles often achieve 11os raised model thei2be float hullso long heel angle will permit rnaxhnum Ci achievement forebdy planipg area angle need beslighlypositiv otie ortwo degrees angle increases sightly f6r dendrise angles up l0 AbQve some additional planing angle must onsidered say 4 dead-rise 250 veryof 8 planing anj concave de prior angle Forward extending again gave deaa-nse sortei asymptotic touchdown models e usually resist th unless scale easier t key to top bow asi 01 ins 14 14 40 Lzr IA i-li 1 51 H 44 12~j 10 1 QQIVE tURVE Typical smicIriuIar oraes-aectlon modeiEDQ-2OOO June 1994 27 4tir 12 II 4AT f -1--IRi -4Figure 1 Aircraftr F id necess tt tb nat eio Contei th t p aa itSelf] ivw unless Scale se steDs adding below 1 crsime general guidance no-wind operation float just raises wing pushed under sufficient Try contoured block foam test windy operation length two-thirds wings chord width above third wide deep will start Planing surfaces forebody bottom can flat v-shaped has experience rear angled flat surface should present itself water Its width stem should no less maximum width float itself angled 100 models waterline Height Heres lot folks get troubleplacing tip floats too high High floats will allow crosswinds raise upwind wing before opposite float can displace plane dynamic lift can help high wing doesnt get ahead situation reason always check rear planing surface level top hulls step ensures during displacement operation both tip floats well water liftoff stop stabilizing Although article about design construction would add tip floats have habit being bent Rather anchor huge struts can still break off wing provide weak struts allow break can fix easily Summary floats ought look like belong modelclunky clunky rounded rounded matched contours colors pencil eye should coordinate water equipment rest pleasing combination Once have determined correct float length knowing weight completed model will enable calculate width using formulas provided Forebody angle should degree two positive immediately ahead step planing area should flat thence ogive curve bow step height should 14% beam Keel angles should such wings max Ci can achieved normally 48o hulls knowing wing area estimating stall speed will allow determination step height afterbody keel angle stable landings takeoffs Afterbody length can influence stability formula will still consider one-beam-width wide flat bottoms increased twice dead-rise 250 Planing angle determined afterbody keel angle since model can pitched angle between elevator usually start couple degrees positive however rather parallel water line Hull forebody length must long enough support model raise nose during initial planing hump phase Failure provide adequate forebody length beam will cause plowing extreme cases prevent humping entirely 4Order Form CALL OR USE THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TO SPEED YOUR ORDER FILL IN QTY ON THE LEFT THE TOTAL ON RIGHT Freight free qts gals No handling charge Freight collect drums deduct 3% prepay Mix qty Total qty detemines price SC orders add 5% sales tax Dealer club prices avail Accept credit cards checks COD COD add $450 per carton UPS shipments add $700 per carton hazardous materials fee No hazard fee orders 24 gals shipped motorfreight OTY FUEL ONE 4 GAL 24 GAL 60 GAL 126 GAL 54 GAL TOTAL ORDERED MIXTURE GAL _CASE PER GA PER GA PER GAL DRUM $AMT RED MAX PREMIUM FUEL Easy beginners powerful experts Available synthetic Castor blends RED MAX 01035776755693621 16677 _____ RED MAX 51143857834766686 21343 _____ RED MAX 101278958933856767 27175 _____ RED MAX 121332999972892799 29507 _____ RED MAX 15138610391012929832 31840 ____ RED MAX RACING FUEL Trophy winners planes boats cars loads documented records RED MAX 201574118111491055945 37486 ____ RED MAX 2517101282124811461026 42972 ____ REDMAX3O18441383134612361107 48430 ____ RED MAX 4021151586154414171269 59375 _____ RED MAX 5024391829178116341464 72513 _____ RED MAX 6027092032197818151626 83448 _____ RED MAX6S28442133207619061707 88915 ____ RED MAX 4-CYCLE FUEL Eliminates detonation & kickback 4-cy engines specially good older models 10-4 CYCLE 1321 990 964 885 792 27201 ____ 15-4 CYCLE 1456 1092 1063 975 873 32669 _____ RED MAX HELICOPTER FUEL Extremely smooth & cool running extra defoamer & special oil helicopters 10 HELICOPTER13591019992911816 28773 _____ 15 HELICOPTER1494112110911001897 34240 _____ 25HELICOPTER18021351131512071081 46694 _____ 3OHELICOPTER1938145414151299116352214 RED MAX DUCTED FAN FUEL flash point special oil use tuned pipes ducted fan other heavy duly applications 5 FAN1224918894820735 23305 _____ lOFAN13591019992911 81628773 ____ 15 FAN1494112110911001897 34240 ____ RED MAX PATTERN FUEL Proven best fuel pattern engines using pumps tuned pipes 5 PATTERN1175881858787705 23328 _____ 10 PATTERN 1323993966887794 29342 _____ 15 PATTERN 147211041074986883 35357 ____ SUPER TIGER 3000 FUEL Best fuel Super Tiger 2000 4000 engines ST 3000 1278 958 933 856 767 27175 ____ RED MAX DIESEL FUEL Superior diesel back list popular demand customers GAL 2213 1660 1615 1482 1328 55234 _____ OTS 1473 1105 1075 987 884 ______ CUSTOM BLENDED FUEL INGREDIENTSGrid will mix custom fuel formula special engine minimum gallon Fuel ingredients available minimum l quantities gallon Call prices items Also special 2cycle oil big engines such SAX etc Cleaner cooler running oil other market PRICES MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. EASE PRINT Power easy starting power smooth take offs power intricate maneuvers Red Max makes engine come alive power performance never expected can have power Its phone call away Power today next week next year Red Maxs secret ingredients keep engine lasting longer running powerfully other 100% money back guarantee completely satisfied reason Red Max has power better idle better wear characteristics other fuel 30 Model Aviation 4RED MAX FUEL /STREET ISTATE/ZIP TYPE AND NO DATE _____________
Edition: Model Aviation - 1994/06
Page Numbers: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30
AT HI Ed Westwood efforts design float models seaplane hulls have developed several formulas based experience have also drawn upon old Langley water tank report data complete bag tricks bag failed would just go cut-and-try after two three design variations Id get work Id like pass what Ive learned hopefully save readers time Ive spent thing certain business no matter well set design formulas seem work will always slightly different situation requires testing couple hull variations get satisfactory performance cases experience perseverance will usually win day Right up front should discuss what successful water-borne hull either single twin should should hold up its share models weight enough spare buoyancy allow itto plane easily driven forward enough speed should watertight durable offer low drag flying should configured such spray deflected away its hull interfere aircraft should rise smoothly displacement planing just little aft stick should porpoise during takeoff landing runout nor should tend snake planing skip landing Its step placement afterbody angle should such will capable being pitched aircrafts stalling angle attack takeoff landing last least its design should such construction commensurate complexity model above goal meet criteria first design Let us discuss various parameters influence float hull performance formulas correctly proportion Twin-Float Length Floats added models designed primarily land use Generic cross-section sizing formulas twin floats use lengths around 75% 80% fuselage measured prop rudder TE exact length determination involves doubling distance one-third prop diameter ahead propeller plane point directly below 40% MAC Mean Aerodynamic Chord root chord few installations may require slightly float ahead prop 24 Model Aviation oats should complement model above Making effort match paint trim helps floats look like belong model Single float Steve Milos EDO fuselage length Flies well Forty-inch flat-bottom floats 11-pound model allow easy though float doesnt extend far text suggestsplaning liftoff minimum spray ILL DESIG touch up elevator during power-up usually solves plowing tendency Single-Float Length oftenoverlooked configuration works well few precautions taken during design Generally single floats fuselage length positioned such float tip 80% propeller diameter ahead prop Since step still positioned under 40% MAC point forebody considerably longer afterbody rather short afterbodies large keel angles single-float installations will cause porpoising skipping landing unless adequate step depth provided Calculation float hull cross-sections floats knowing length fresh water weighs 6243 lb/cu ft matter determining average cross section float come up formula buoyancy essentially two crosssections used models tapered-square semicircular chine extension cross-sections has about 50 tumble home narrowing towards top sides nearly-square cross-section envisioned have calculated about 70% step cross-section good average entire float section can averaged square formula beam width constant-width float 40 x W/L Beam twin float single float beam L W pounds L inches wish precise have large dead-rise crosssections relating step beam graphical integration entire hull average cross-section will result similar formulas Diagram 1 Using same concept turns out float constant-curvature top short 50 side sections chines has average cross-section about 60% circle diameter float width step formula diameters D twin_ 59W/L D single 1 l8WIL formulas assume float should capable carrying twice June1994 25 Planing tail hulls still around 40-year-old Neptune still flying lifts off flying speed achieved no pitching off early models five-degree keel angles combined two Steve Milos EDO lifts off Note low tip position generous degrees incidence keeps tops parallel waterline planing angles Single-float configuration often overlooked -ISome desi2ners Chart 1 26 ModI Aviation t 1 Ilie b doubled gel L Al LED t tewAy d ng beam ient K iy averages wit oiceyou kno B wing lo effort fterbi n 5 f4 founa g design Wh ratio 200 deaa Examin aft ice three to-bem ed Forebody Planing Angles have aJready presented chaits relating forebody planing angles dead-rise thus given deadrise angle woiAd seemingly b fled would tb length sectionremembering thataiength twice tle beam would required 25 dead-rie ngle4 However must consider optimum angle isrealiy bIIIy smbiliaed near breakawy speed seapinAles often achieve 11os raised model thei2be float hullso long heel angle will permit rnaxhnum Ci achievement forebdy planipg area angle need beslighlypositiv otie ortwo degrees angle increases sightly f6r dendrise angles up l0 AbQve some additional planing angle must onsidered say 4 dead-rise 250 veryof 8 planing anj concave de prior angle Forward extending again gave deaa-nse sortei asymptotic touchdown models e usually resist th unless scale easier t key to top bow asi 01 ins 14 14 40 Lzr IA i-li 1 51 H 44 12~j 10 1 QQIVE tURVE Typical smicIriuIar oraes-aectlon modeiEDQ-2OOO June 1994 27 4tir 12 II 4AT f -1--IRi -4Figure 1 Aircraftr F id necess tt tb nat eio Contei th t p aa itSelf] ivw unless Scale se steDs adding below 1 crsime general guidance no-wind operation float just raises wing pushed under sufficient Try contoured block foam test windy operation length two-thirds wings chord width above third wide deep will start Planing surfaces forebody bottom can flat v-shaped has experience rear angled flat surface should present itself water Its width stem should no less maximum width float itself angled 100 models waterline Height Heres lot folks get troubleplacing tip floats too high High floats will allow crosswinds raise upwind wing before opposite float can displace plane dynamic lift can help high wing doesnt get ahead situation reason always check rear planing surface level top hulls step ensures during displacement operation both tip floats well water liftoff stop stabilizing Although article about design construction would add tip floats have habit being bent Rather anchor huge struts can still break off wing provide weak struts allow break can fix easily Summary floats ought look like belong modelclunky clunky rounded rounded matched contours colors pencil eye should coordinate water equipment rest pleasing combination Once have determined correct float length knowing weight completed model will enable calculate width using formulas provided Forebody angle should degree two positive immediately ahead step planing area should flat thence ogive curve bow step height should 14% beam Keel angles should such wings max Ci can achieved normally 48o hulls knowing wing area estimating stall speed will allow determination step height afterbody keel angle stable landings takeoffs Afterbody length can influence stability formula will still consider one-beam-width wide flat bottoms increased twice dead-rise 250 Planing angle determined afterbody keel angle since model can pitched angle between elevator usually start couple degrees positive however rather parallel water line Hull forebody length must long enough support model raise nose during initial planing hump phase Failure provide adequate forebody length beam will cause plowing extreme cases prevent humping entirely 4Order Form CALL OR USE THIS HANDY ORDER FORM TO SPEED YOUR ORDER FILL IN QTY ON THE LEFT THE TOTAL ON RIGHT Freight free qts gals No handling charge Freight collect drums deduct 3% prepay Mix qty Total qty detemines price SC orders add 5% sales tax Dealer club prices avail Accept credit cards checks COD COD add $450 per carton UPS shipments add $700 per carton hazardous materials fee No hazard fee orders 24 gals shipped motorfreight OTY FUEL ONE 4 GAL 24 GAL 60 GAL 126 GAL 54 GAL TOTAL ORDERED MIXTURE GAL _CASE PER GA PER GA PER GAL DRUM $AMT RED MAX PREMIUM FUEL Easy beginners powerful experts Available synthetic Castor blends RED MAX 01035776755693621 16677 _____ RED MAX 51143857834766686 21343 _____ RED MAX 101278958933856767 27175 _____ RED MAX 121332999972892799 29507 _____ RED MAX 15138610391012929832 31840 ____ RED MAX RACING FUEL Trophy winners planes boats cars loads documented records RED MAX 201574118111491055945 37486 ____ RED MAX 2517101282124811461026 42972 ____ REDMAX3O18441383134612361107 48430 ____ RED MAX 4021151586154414171269 59375 _____ RED MAX 5024391829178116341464 72513 _____ RED MAX 6027092032197818151626 83448 _____ RED MAX6S28442133207619061707 88915 ____ RED MAX 4-CYCLE FUEL Eliminates detonation & kickback 4-cy engines specially good older models 10-4 CYCLE 1321 990 964 885 792 27201 ____ 15-4 CYCLE 1456 1092 1063 975 873 32669 _____ RED MAX HELICOPTER FUEL Extremely smooth & cool running extra defoamer & special oil helicopters 10 HELICOPTER13591019992911816 28773 _____ 15 HELICOPTER1494112110911001897 34240 _____ 25HELICOPTER18021351131512071081 46694 _____ 3OHELICOPTER1938145414151299116352214 RED MAX DUCTED FAN FUEL flash point special oil use tuned pipes ducted fan other heavy duly applications 5 FAN1224918894820735 23305 _____ lOFAN13591019992911 81628773 ____ 15 FAN1494112110911001897 34240 ____ RED MAX PATTERN FUEL Proven best fuel pattern engines using pumps tuned pipes 5 PATTERN1175881858787705 23328 _____ 10 PATTERN 1323993966887794 29342 _____ 15 PATTERN 147211041074986883 35357 ____ SUPER TIGER 3000 FUEL Best fuel Super Tiger 2000 4000 engines ST 3000 1278 958 933 856 767 27175 ____ RED MAX DIESEL FUEL Superior diesel back list popular demand customers GAL 2213 1660 1615 1482 1328 55234 _____ OTS 1473 1105 1075 987 884 ______ CUSTOM BLENDED FUEL INGREDIENTSGrid will mix custom fuel formula special engine minimum gallon Fuel ingredients available minimum l quantities gallon Call prices items Also special 2cycle oil big engines such SAX etc Cleaner cooler running oil other market PRICES MAY CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. EASE PRINT Power easy starting power smooth take offs power intricate maneuvers Red Max makes engine come alive power performance never expected can have power Its phone call away Power today next week next year Red Maxs secret ingredients keep engine lasting longer running powerfully other 100% money back guarantee completely satisfied reason Red Max has power better idle better wear characteristics other fuel 30 Model Aviation 4RED MAX FUEL /STREET ISTATE/ZIP TYPE AND NO DATE _____________