I -C spA3 75i3/a@2P WV iLl Black-and-white photography far dead fact pictures magazine other magazines printed B&W Perhaps youve noticed quality some pictures better others Whether magazine use own personal enjoyment correct use filters gives edge U Timothy J George M Myers THIRTY years ago camera left store wearing yellow filter argument needed tiller order get natural rendition colors film course B&W has no color shades gray point ought different shade gray tbr color spectrum Proper filters make possible Theres B&W photography just color differences can produce visible shade gray b simply varying intensity white light So no intrinsic value having lixed gray-to-color relationship its said done thing makes ood B&W photo grat-tooe sepaiahon Proper use filters makes possible talk B&W pictures age color Pickup dozen magazines random count pictures separating B&W eolor Surprise half what see printed B&W Ifs less expensive quicker color world still needs good B&W photographs too familiar July 198285 Figure 1No Figure 2Yellow FilterFigure 4Green Filter get full appreciation four B&W pictures need also look full-color reproduction same subject Fig 1 top left taken filter camera Fig 2 lower left yellow filter have B&W photography have Fig 3 lIop right orange filter notice lightens orange airplane Fig 4 lower right green filter Which view shows plane best Which representative color picture Pictures Tim Myers 1118 pttuI uiou cLouuu aiuU fib tUIU uui. piaiIV ungirt Wdb 8110 U coior prim uompare B&W reproductions B&Ws pictur color print B&W film camera filters installed indicated Figures 1 through 4 fact photograph beautiful model airplane front usual trees grass main reason plane can seen has different texture No matter what color plane finished its gray tone blends rather well background Proper use filters can put model gray tone really stands out background Well show Figures through 4 B&W photos ofa color print Lou Stauch holding Cold Duck front ofa background winter turf Cold Duck finished bright orange acrylic lacquer black spears white striping tape original color print also reproduced full color will keep fingers crossed reason ably faithful copy mechanics printing may creat color shifts Figs 1-4 printed single sheet ofpaper controlling exposure make backgrounds print approxi mately same shade gray Note airplane nearly perfectly matches background Fig No filter used making negative shows us usual type photo submitted publication lithe sky visible shot would pure white Lets see filters can improve picture Fig 2 exposed through medium yellow filter Note airplane has assumed slightly lighter shade gray sky visible too would pale gray clouds visible present Most B&W pictures can improved using yellow filter its have youre having Fig 3 exposed through orange filter airplane renders pale gray well separated background Compare trailing edge stabilizer four figures Which picture printed best magazine 86 Model Aviation colors represented pile wings Look color print same wings see what happens B&W filters used Fig 6 left use haze filter Fig 7 right taken yellow filter Photography art science sky wcre visible would appear dramatic dark gray bold white clouds Finally Fig 4 exposed through green filter situation hard see effect filter has lightened grass background much soil showing through overall impression ground made blotchy summer lush growth picture green lilter will lighten green things making detail visible model situations exactly opposite effect want green filter doesnt get much use However trying photograph green airplane sitting bare dirt blacktop green filter can very useful Rather bore other possible situations have prepared Fig 5 general guide use filters practice will able expand list cover situations meet often Thats orange green look some other colors see color picture repro duced 35mm slide ofa pile wings lying winter-dormant lawn Compare B&W reproductions Figs 69 B&W photos article taken Tim Myers using 35mm camera filters shown Fig II hIm Ilford FP-4 fine-grained panchromatic type rated ASA 125 daylight Figures 6 through 9 printed same paper developed exactly same way order preserve tonal relationships trying illustrate 1-ig 6 exposed through haze hilterrccom mended protect lens changing image Note color has its own gray tone negative Fig 7 exposed through medium yellow filter Note yellow wing now prints almost white demonstrates hilter fact #1 filter same color subject causes subject color print lighter lone unfiltered image negative Fig 8 exposed through orange filter Note transparent red cover-July 198287 colorsyou would expectto find routinely models shown picture same wings shown four B&W prints Compare see effects filters B&W Figure BOrange FilterFigure 9Green Filter Again check color print vs two B&W pictures Fig 8 left exposed through orange filter Fig 9 right use green filter Filters used lighten darken colors represented shades gray B&W photography Use Fig 5 general guide Figure 5Colored Filters Slack-and-White Photography PredominantFilter Print SubjectFilter Print Subject ModelLighter BackgroundDarker Background ColorGrassSkyGrassSky RedRedOrange RedGreenGreen OrangeOrangeOrange RedGreenNone Reqd YellowYellowOrange YellowBlueBacklighting GreenUse FlashProbably CantNone Reqd BlueUse FlashGreenOrange BrownOrangeOrangeOrange Green BlackNo WayNo WayNoneNone WhiteNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting ChromeNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting AluminumYellowOrangeGreenBacklighting GoldOrangeOrange YellowGreenBacklighting Notes 1 table assumes use three filters green orange yellow hundreds other colors available special situations 2 Data presented table result actual test photographs However careful changes lighting can produce alternative solutions Photography art science ing has virtually disappeared revealingthe struc ture underneath Note also orange wing now prints nearly white Finally look green wing Note prints very dark showing us filter fact #2 filter complementary color subject causes print darker lone unfiltered image Finally lookat Fig 9 exposed Figure 12No Filter through green filter Note grass prints very much lighter tone resulting improved contrast colors Now go back examine ways other colors has changed among Figures 6 through 9 shifting tones red white blue gold RC Guillotine particu larly interesting changes gray tone chrome wing 66 chrome wing reflects blue sky what seeing same changes would see sky photo Sometimes unexpected things will happen look gold Spectra-tape stripe black wing expect see render palest shade gray seen through yellow filter As can see didnt happen green filter rendered palest shade Apparently diffracted light seen camera green will assume have convinced value filters have run right out buy some Now youre back does make use have modern automatic camera just screw clamp filter front lens start shooting pictures electric eye usually adjusted see colors same way photographic emulsions order correctly expose color films manual came camera should note exceptions tell deal camera isnt automatic will have increase exposure time compensate fact filter stops part light Both instruction sheet comes filter sheet comes film will suggest filter factors Since films filters vary manfacturer manufacturer perfect factor Figure 14Orange Filter Figure 13Yellow FilterFigure 15-Green Filter Filters work also indoor photography Balsa grain shows less depending filter used setup see what color back ground would best show off construction pictures Fig 12 top left unfiltered Fig 13 lower left yellow filter Fig 14 top right shows orange filter undesirable kind picture Fig 15 lower right green filter Background colors starting bottom right going round clock pink yellow dark purple orange black dark green Best black dark green 88 Model Aviation situation obtained testing Lets look example Assume want expose Kodak Plus X film through orange filter pull out little strip paper Kodak packed box film right away trouble No orange filters numbered instead being described color names Pull out data sheet comes filter find different code may consist numbers letters both filter manufac turers seldom references filter factors specific films specific manufacturers Dont panic Fig 10 has prepared us give starting point Lets take example photo bright sunlight Kodak gives basic exposure f/Il 1/250th second medium orange filter should have filter factor range of3 5 Therefore shoot series pictures f/Il using exposures 3/250 4/250 5/250 second course shutter wont marked way reduce fraction pick nearest number available isnt critical anyway example would probably use 1/90 1/60 I/SO available Keep record what have done pick best result file away information next time will need What about indoor pictures using automatic strobe light nothing Set up no filter Go Fig 10 find out stops open up automatic f/stop ordered calculator Set lens accordingly put shutter X sync shoot pictures Folks using flashbulbs will find easiest simply divide no filter guide number filter factor use result calculate f/stop vs distance relationship Example using Plus-X film orange filter again Flashcube X-synced 1/30th second find have no filter guide number 100 Dividing average orangefilter-factor of4 gives us result of25 filtered guide number Now set lens f/8 Flashcube has 25/8 et subject can forget about extra sth foot 112 inches because process isnt critical want scientific about try shots Flashcube 2 3 4 feet subject Treat non-automatic strobes same way Flasheubes Photoflood bulbs other tungsten lightbulbs have light characteristically orange therefore reduce filter factors g such light automatic camera may tend overexpose pictures taken tung sten light know does have ability set film ASA number have multiply ASA number 4/3 enter result Plus-X film 125 x 4/3 closest value camera will ASA 160 mark below ASA 200 use have read through preceding para graphs may wondering use filters indoors glad asked question Figures 12 through 15 give answers negatives exposed automatic strobe light using corrections above filters noted filters have same effects colored subjects indoors outdoors However important indoor subjects models under construction Since balsa nearly white might expect filters would have little no effect Figure 10Approximate Filter Factors Arranged Color ColorCode NameFilter Factor NameKodakHoyaNikonRange Yellow68 15K2Y44 Y48 Y5215 20 Open 1 stop Orange25 85CG0523 5 Open 1 2% stops Green111358XlXOX12to6 Open 1 2% stops case Since grain balsa orange might expect organe filter would conceal grain Comparing Fig 12 14 shows exactly what happens next conclusion could jump green filter would emphasize grain Fig 15 shows doesnt happen Fig 13 shows yellow filter has virtually no effect photos taken time trying find optimum situation photographing model various stages con struction concluded best results would obtained open no diffuser strobe light illuminating model placed front dark green black cloth background main requirement background cloth cloth should have rough finish create shiny surfaces would reveal wrinkles cloth shadows structure Well youve short course what filters can cant additional information consult public library theyre certain have information photography really want know II Fig 11 Minolta camera filters uaed tests Use filter blocks some light reaching film exposure adjustment should made usually accomplished automatically modern auto-exposure cameras must done manually non-auto models Figure 10 has guide typical adjustments text tells howto calculate filterfactars Notes 1 denser color higher filter factor number 2 filter factors given apply panchromatic films having ASA numbers between 100 400 July 198289
Edition: Model Aviation - 1982/07
Page Numbers: 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
I -C spA3 75i3/a@2P WV iLl Black-and-white photography far dead fact pictures magazine other magazines printed B&W Perhaps youve noticed quality some pictures better others Whether magazine use own personal enjoyment correct use filters gives edge U Timothy J George M Myers THIRTY years ago camera left store wearing yellow filter argument needed tiller order get natural rendition colors film course B&W has no color shades gray point ought different shade gray tbr color spectrum Proper filters make possible Theres B&W photography just color differences can produce visible shade gray b simply varying intensity white light So no intrinsic value having lixed gray-to-color relationship its said done thing makes ood B&W photo grat-tooe sepaiahon Proper use filters makes possible talk B&W pictures age color Pickup dozen magazines random count pictures separating B&W eolor Surprise half what see printed B&W Ifs less expensive quicker color world still needs good B&W photographs too familiar July 198285 Figure 1No Figure 2Yellow FilterFigure 4Green Filter get full appreciation four B&W pictures need also look full-color reproduction same subject Fig 1 top left taken filter camera Fig 2 lower left yellow filter have B&W photography have Fig 3 lIop right orange filter notice lightens orange airplane Fig 4 lower right green filter Which view shows plane best Which representative color picture Pictures Tim Myers 1118 pttuI uiou cLouuu aiuU fib tUIU uui. piaiIV ungirt Wdb 8110 U coior prim uompare B&W reproductions B&Ws pictur color print B&W film camera filters installed indicated Figures 1 through 4 fact photograph beautiful model airplane front usual trees grass main reason plane can seen has different texture No matter what color plane finished its gray tone blends rather well background Proper use filters can put model gray tone really stands out background Well show Figures through 4 B&W photos ofa color print Lou Stauch holding Cold Duck front ofa background winter turf Cold Duck finished bright orange acrylic lacquer black spears white striping tape original color print also reproduced full color will keep fingers crossed reason ably faithful copy mechanics printing may creat color shifts Figs 1-4 printed single sheet ofpaper controlling exposure make backgrounds print approxi mately same shade gray Note airplane nearly perfectly matches background Fig No filter used making negative shows us usual type photo submitted publication lithe sky visible shot would pure white Lets see filters can improve picture Fig 2 exposed through medium yellow filter Note airplane has assumed slightly lighter shade gray sky visible too would pale gray clouds visible present Most B&W pictures can improved using yellow filter its have youre having Fig 3 exposed through orange filter airplane renders pale gray well separated background Compare trailing edge stabilizer four figures Which picture printed best magazine 86 Model Aviation colors represented pile wings Look color print same wings see what happens B&W filters used Fig 6 left use haze filter Fig 7 right taken yellow filter Photography art science sky wcre visible would appear dramatic dark gray bold white clouds Finally Fig 4 exposed through green filter situation hard see effect filter has lightened grass background much soil showing through overall impression ground made blotchy summer lush growth picture green lilter will lighten green things making detail visible model situations exactly opposite effect want green filter doesnt get much use However trying photograph green airplane sitting bare dirt blacktop green filter can very useful Rather bore other possible situations have prepared Fig 5 general guide use filters practice will able expand list cover situations meet often Thats orange green look some other colors see color picture repro duced 35mm slide ofa pile wings lying winter-dormant lawn Compare B&W reproductions Figs 69 B&W photos article taken Tim Myers using 35mm camera filters shown Fig II hIm Ilford FP-4 fine-grained panchromatic type rated ASA 125 daylight Figures 6 through 9 printed same paper developed exactly same way order preserve tonal relationships trying illustrate 1-ig 6 exposed through haze hilterrccom mended protect lens changing image Note color has its own gray tone negative Fig 7 exposed through medium yellow filter Note yellow wing now prints almost white demonstrates hilter fact #1 filter same color subject causes subject color print lighter lone unfiltered image negative Fig 8 exposed through orange filter Note transparent red cover-July 198287 colorsyou would expectto find routinely models shown picture same wings shown four B&W prints Compare see effects filters B&W Figure BOrange FilterFigure 9Green Filter Again check color print vs two B&W pictures Fig 8 left exposed through orange filter Fig 9 right use green filter Filters used lighten darken colors represented shades gray B&W photography Use Fig 5 general guide Figure 5Colored Filters Slack-and-White Photography PredominantFilter Print SubjectFilter Print Subject ModelLighter BackgroundDarker Background ColorGrassSkyGrassSky RedRedOrange RedGreenGreen OrangeOrangeOrange RedGreenNone Reqd YellowYellowOrange YellowBlueBacklighting GreenUse FlashProbably CantNone Reqd BlueUse FlashGreenOrange BrownOrangeOrangeOrange Green BlackNo WayNo WayNoneNone WhiteNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting ChromeNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting AluminumYellowOrangeGreenBacklighting GoldOrangeOrange YellowGreenBacklighting Notes 1 table assumes use three filters green orange yellow hundreds other colors available special situations 2 Data presented table result actual test photographs However careful changes lighting can produce alternative solutions Photography art science ing has virtually disappeared revealingthe struc ture underneath Note also orange wing now prints nearly white Finally look green wing Note prints very dark showing us filter fact #2 filter complementary color subject causes print darker lone unfiltered image Finally lookat Fig 9 exposed Figure 12No Filter through green filter Note grass prints very much lighter tone resulting improved contrast colors Now go back examine ways other colors has changed among Figures 6 through 9 shifting tones red white blue gold RC Guillotine particu larly interesting changes gray tone chrome wing 66 chrome wing reflects blue sky what seeing same changes would see sky photo Sometimes unexpected things will happen look gold Spectra-tape stripe black wing expect see render palest shade gray seen through yellow filter As can see didnt happen green filter rendered palest shade Apparently diffracted light seen camera green will assume have convinced value filters have run right out buy some Now youre back does make use have modern automatic camera just screw clamp filter front lens start shooting pictures electric eye usually adjusted see colors same way photographic emulsions order correctly expose color films manual came camera should note exceptions tell deal camera isnt automatic will have increase exposure time compensate fact filter stops part light Both instruction sheet comes filter sheet comes film will suggest filter factors Since films filters vary manfacturer manufacturer perfect factor Figure 14Orange Filter Figure 13Yellow FilterFigure 15-Green Filter Filters work also indoor photography Balsa grain shows less depending filter used setup see what color back ground would best show off construction pictures Fig 12 top left unfiltered Fig 13 lower left yellow filter Fig 14 top right shows orange filter undesirable kind picture Fig 15 lower right green filter Background colors starting bottom right going round clock pink yellow dark purple orange black dark green Best black dark green 88 Model Aviation situation obtained testing Lets look example Assume want expose Kodak Plus X film through orange filter pull out little strip paper Kodak packed box film right away trouble No orange filters numbered instead being described color names Pull out data sheet comes filter find different code may consist numbers letters both filter manufac turers seldom references filter factors specific films specific manufacturers Dont panic Fig 10 has prepared us give starting point Lets take example photo bright sunlight Kodak gives basic exposure f/Il 1/250th second medium orange filter should have filter factor range of3 5 Therefore shoot series pictures f/Il using exposures 3/250 4/250 5/250 second course shutter wont marked way reduce fraction pick nearest number available isnt critical anyway example would probably use 1/90 1/60 I/SO available Keep record what have done pick best result file away information next time will need What about indoor pictures using automatic strobe light nothing Set up no filter Go Fig 10 find out stops open up automatic f/stop ordered calculator Set lens accordingly put shutter X sync shoot pictures Folks using flashbulbs will find easiest simply divide no filter guide number filter factor use result calculate f/stop vs distance relationship Example using Plus-X film orange filter again Flashcube X-synced 1/30th second find have no filter guide number 100 Dividing average orangefilter-factor of4 gives us result of25 filtered guide number Now set lens f/8 Flashcube has 25/8 et subject can forget about extra sth foot 112 inches because process isnt critical want scientific about try shots Flashcube 2 3 4 feet subject Treat non-automatic strobes same way Flasheubes Photoflood bulbs other tungsten lightbulbs have light characteristically orange therefore reduce filter factors g such light automatic camera may tend overexpose pictures taken tung sten light know does have ability set film ASA number have multiply ASA number 4/3 enter result Plus-X film 125 x 4/3 closest value camera will ASA 160 mark below ASA 200 use have read through preceding para graphs may wondering use filters indoors glad asked question Figures 12 through 15 give answers negatives exposed automatic strobe light using corrections above filters noted filters have same effects colored subjects indoors outdoors However important indoor subjects models under construction Since balsa nearly white might expect filters would have little no effect Figure 10Approximate Filter Factors Arranged Color ColorCode NameFilter Factor NameKodakHoyaNikonRange Yellow68 15K2Y44 Y48 Y5215 20 Open 1 stop Orange25 85CG0523 5 Open 1 2% stops Green111358XlXOX12to6 Open 1 2% stops case Since grain balsa orange might expect organe filter would conceal grain Comparing Fig 12 14 shows exactly what happens next conclusion could jump green filter would emphasize grain Fig 15 shows doesnt happen Fig 13 shows yellow filter has virtually no effect photos taken time trying find optimum situation photographing model various stages con struction concluded best results would obtained open no diffuser strobe light illuminating model placed front dark green black cloth background main requirement background cloth cloth should have rough finish create shiny surfaces would reveal wrinkles cloth shadows structure Well youve short course what filters can cant additional information consult public library theyre certain have information photography really want know II Fig 11 Minolta camera filters uaed tests Use filter blocks some light reaching film exposure adjustment should made usually accomplished automatically modern auto-exposure cameras must done manually non-auto models Figure 10 has guide typical adjustments text tells howto calculate filterfactars Notes 1 denser color higher filter factor number 2 filter factors given apply panchromatic films having ASA numbers between 100 400 July 198289
Edition: Model Aviation - 1982/07
Page Numbers: 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
I -C spA3 75i3/a@2P WV iLl Black-and-white photography far dead fact pictures magazine other magazines printed B&W Perhaps youve noticed quality some pictures better others Whether magazine use own personal enjoyment correct use filters gives edge U Timothy J George M Myers THIRTY years ago camera left store wearing yellow filter argument needed tiller order get natural rendition colors film course B&W has no color shades gray point ought different shade gray tbr color spectrum Proper filters make possible Theres B&W photography just color differences can produce visible shade gray b simply varying intensity white light So no intrinsic value having lixed gray-to-color relationship its said done thing makes ood B&W photo grat-tooe sepaiahon Proper use filters makes possible talk B&W pictures age color Pickup dozen magazines random count pictures separating B&W eolor Surprise half what see printed B&W Ifs less expensive quicker color world still needs good B&W photographs too familiar July 198285 Figure 1No Figure 2Yellow FilterFigure 4Green Filter get full appreciation four B&W pictures need also look full-color reproduction same subject Fig 1 top left taken filter camera Fig 2 lower left yellow filter have B&W photography have Fig 3 lIop right orange filter notice lightens orange airplane Fig 4 lower right green filter Which view shows plane best Which representative color picture Pictures Tim Myers 1118 pttuI uiou cLouuu aiuU fib tUIU uui. piaiIV ungirt Wdb 8110 U coior prim uompare B&W reproductions B&Ws pictur color print B&W film camera filters installed indicated Figures 1 through 4 fact photograph beautiful model airplane front usual trees grass main reason plane can seen has different texture No matter what color plane finished its gray tone blends rather well background Proper use filters can put model gray tone really stands out background Well show Figures through 4 B&W photos ofa color print Lou Stauch holding Cold Duck front ofa background winter turf Cold Duck finished bright orange acrylic lacquer black spears white striping tape original color print also reproduced full color will keep fingers crossed reason ably faithful copy mechanics printing may creat color shifts Figs 1-4 printed single sheet ofpaper controlling exposure make backgrounds print approxi mately same shade gray Note airplane nearly perfectly matches background Fig No filter used making negative shows us usual type photo submitted publication lithe sky visible shot would pure white Lets see filters can improve picture Fig 2 exposed through medium yellow filter Note airplane has assumed slightly lighter shade gray sky visible too would pale gray clouds visible present Most B&W pictures can improved using yellow filter its have youre having Fig 3 exposed through orange filter airplane renders pale gray well separated background Compare trailing edge stabilizer four figures Which picture printed best magazine 86 Model Aviation colors represented pile wings Look color print same wings see what happens B&W filters used Fig 6 left use haze filter Fig 7 right taken yellow filter Photography art science sky wcre visible would appear dramatic dark gray bold white clouds Finally Fig 4 exposed through green filter situation hard see effect filter has lightened grass background much soil showing through overall impression ground made blotchy summer lush growth picture green lilter will lighten green things making detail visible model situations exactly opposite effect want green filter doesnt get much use However trying photograph green airplane sitting bare dirt blacktop green filter can very useful Rather bore other possible situations have prepared Fig 5 general guide use filters practice will able expand list cover situations meet often Thats orange green look some other colors see color picture repro duced 35mm slide ofa pile wings lying winter-dormant lawn Compare B&W reproductions Figs 69 B&W photos article taken Tim Myers using 35mm camera filters shown Fig II hIm Ilford FP-4 fine-grained panchromatic type rated ASA 125 daylight Figures 6 through 9 printed same paper developed exactly same way order preserve tonal relationships trying illustrate 1-ig 6 exposed through haze hilterrccom mended protect lens changing image Note color has its own gray tone negative Fig 7 exposed through medium yellow filter Note yellow wing now prints almost white demonstrates hilter fact #1 filter same color subject causes subject color print lighter lone unfiltered image negative Fig 8 exposed through orange filter Note transparent red cover-July 198287 colorsyou would expectto find routinely models shown picture same wings shown four B&W prints Compare see effects filters B&W Figure BOrange FilterFigure 9Green Filter Again check color print vs two B&W pictures Fig 8 left exposed through orange filter Fig 9 right use green filter Filters used lighten darken colors represented shades gray B&W photography Use Fig 5 general guide Figure 5Colored Filters Slack-and-White Photography PredominantFilter Print SubjectFilter Print Subject ModelLighter BackgroundDarker Background ColorGrassSkyGrassSky RedRedOrange RedGreenGreen OrangeOrangeOrange RedGreenNone Reqd YellowYellowOrange YellowBlueBacklighting GreenUse FlashProbably CantNone Reqd BlueUse FlashGreenOrange BrownOrangeOrangeOrange Green BlackNo WayNo WayNoneNone WhiteNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting ChromeNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting AluminumYellowOrangeGreenBacklighting GoldOrangeOrange YellowGreenBacklighting Notes 1 table assumes use three filters green orange yellow hundreds other colors available special situations 2 Data presented table result actual test photographs However careful changes lighting can produce alternative solutions Photography art science ing has virtually disappeared revealingthe struc ture underneath Note also orange wing now prints nearly white Finally look green wing Note prints very dark showing us filter fact #2 filter complementary color subject causes print darker lone unfiltered image Finally lookat Fig 9 exposed Figure 12No Filter through green filter Note grass prints very much lighter tone resulting improved contrast colors Now go back examine ways other colors has changed among Figures 6 through 9 shifting tones red white blue gold RC Guillotine particu larly interesting changes gray tone chrome wing 66 chrome wing reflects blue sky what seeing same changes would see sky photo Sometimes unexpected things will happen look gold Spectra-tape stripe black wing expect see render palest shade gray seen through yellow filter As can see didnt happen green filter rendered palest shade Apparently diffracted light seen camera green will assume have convinced value filters have run right out buy some Now youre back does make use have modern automatic camera just screw clamp filter front lens start shooting pictures electric eye usually adjusted see colors same way photographic emulsions order correctly expose color films manual came camera should note exceptions tell deal camera isnt automatic will have increase exposure time compensate fact filter stops part light Both instruction sheet comes filter sheet comes film will suggest filter factors Since films filters vary manfacturer manufacturer perfect factor Figure 14Orange Filter Figure 13Yellow FilterFigure 15-Green Filter Filters work also indoor photography Balsa grain shows less depending filter used setup see what color back ground would best show off construction pictures Fig 12 top left unfiltered Fig 13 lower left yellow filter Fig 14 top right shows orange filter undesirable kind picture Fig 15 lower right green filter Background colors starting bottom right going round clock pink yellow dark purple orange black dark green Best black dark green 88 Model Aviation situation obtained testing Lets look example Assume want expose Kodak Plus X film through orange filter pull out little strip paper Kodak packed box film right away trouble No orange filters numbered instead being described color names Pull out data sheet comes filter find different code may consist numbers letters both filter manufac turers seldom references filter factors specific films specific manufacturers Dont panic Fig 10 has prepared us give starting point Lets take example photo bright sunlight Kodak gives basic exposure f/Il 1/250th second medium orange filter should have filter factor range of3 5 Therefore shoot series pictures f/Il using exposures 3/250 4/250 5/250 second course shutter wont marked way reduce fraction pick nearest number available isnt critical anyway example would probably use 1/90 1/60 I/SO available Keep record what have done pick best result file away information next time will need What about indoor pictures using automatic strobe light nothing Set up no filter Go Fig 10 find out stops open up automatic f/stop ordered calculator Set lens accordingly put shutter X sync shoot pictures Folks using flashbulbs will find easiest simply divide no filter guide number filter factor use result calculate f/stop vs distance relationship Example using Plus-X film orange filter again Flashcube X-synced 1/30th second find have no filter guide number 100 Dividing average orangefilter-factor of4 gives us result of25 filtered guide number Now set lens f/8 Flashcube has 25/8 et subject can forget about extra sth foot 112 inches because process isnt critical want scientific about try shots Flashcube 2 3 4 feet subject Treat non-automatic strobes same way Flasheubes Photoflood bulbs other tungsten lightbulbs have light characteristically orange therefore reduce filter factors g such light automatic camera may tend overexpose pictures taken tung sten light know does have ability set film ASA number have multiply ASA number 4/3 enter result Plus-X film 125 x 4/3 closest value camera will ASA 160 mark below ASA 200 use have read through preceding para graphs may wondering use filters indoors glad asked question Figures 12 through 15 give answers negatives exposed automatic strobe light using corrections above filters noted filters have same effects colored subjects indoors outdoors However important indoor subjects models under construction Since balsa nearly white might expect filters would have little no effect Figure 10Approximate Filter Factors Arranged Color ColorCode NameFilter Factor NameKodakHoyaNikonRange Yellow68 15K2Y44 Y48 Y5215 20 Open 1 stop Orange25 85CG0523 5 Open 1 2% stops Green111358XlXOX12to6 Open 1 2% stops case Since grain balsa orange might expect organe filter would conceal grain Comparing Fig 12 14 shows exactly what happens next conclusion could jump green filter would emphasize grain Fig 15 shows doesnt happen Fig 13 shows yellow filter has virtually no effect photos taken time trying find optimum situation photographing model various stages con struction concluded best results would obtained open no diffuser strobe light illuminating model placed front dark green black cloth background main requirement background cloth cloth should have rough finish create shiny surfaces would reveal wrinkles cloth shadows structure Well youve short course what filters can cant additional information consult public library theyre certain have information photography really want know II Fig 11 Minolta camera filters uaed tests Use filter blocks some light reaching film exposure adjustment should made usually accomplished automatically modern auto-exposure cameras must done manually non-auto models Figure 10 has guide typical adjustments text tells howto calculate filterfactars Notes 1 denser color higher filter factor number 2 filter factors given apply panchromatic films having ASA numbers between 100 400 July 198289
Edition: Model Aviation - 1982/07
Page Numbers: 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
I -C spA3 75i3/a@2P WV iLl Black-and-white photography far dead fact pictures magazine other magazines printed B&W Perhaps youve noticed quality some pictures better others Whether magazine use own personal enjoyment correct use filters gives edge U Timothy J George M Myers THIRTY years ago camera left store wearing yellow filter argument needed tiller order get natural rendition colors film course B&W has no color shades gray point ought different shade gray tbr color spectrum Proper filters make possible Theres B&W photography just color differences can produce visible shade gray b simply varying intensity white light So no intrinsic value having lixed gray-to-color relationship its said done thing makes ood B&W photo grat-tooe sepaiahon Proper use filters makes possible talk B&W pictures age color Pickup dozen magazines random count pictures separating B&W eolor Surprise half what see printed B&W Ifs less expensive quicker color world still needs good B&W photographs too familiar July 198285 Figure 1No Figure 2Yellow FilterFigure 4Green Filter get full appreciation four B&W pictures need also look full-color reproduction same subject Fig 1 top left taken filter camera Fig 2 lower left yellow filter have B&W photography have Fig 3 lIop right orange filter notice lightens orange airplane Fig 4 lower right green filter Which view shows plane best Which representative color picture Pictures Tim Myers 1118 pttuI uiou cLouuu aiuU fib tUIU uui. piaiIV ungirt Wdb 8110 U coior prim uompare B&W reproductions B&Ws pictur color print B&W film camera filters installed indicated Figures 1 through 4 fact photograph beautiful model airplane front usual trees grass main reason plane can seen has different texture No matter what color plane finished its gray tone blends rather well background Proper use filters can put model gray tone really stands out background Well show Figures through 4 B&W photos ofa color print Lou Stauch holding Cold Duck front ofa background winter turf Cold Duck finished bright orange acrylic lacquer black spears white striping tape original color print also reproduced full color will keep fingers crossed reason ably faithful copy mechanics printing may creat color shifts Figs 1-4 printed single sheet ofpaper controlling exposure make backgrounds print approxi mately same shade gray Note airplane nearly perfectly matches background Fig No filter used making negative shows us usual type photo submitted publication lithe sky visible shot would pure white Lets see filters can improve picture Fig 2 exposed through medium yellow filter Note airplane has assumed slightly lighter shade gray sky visible too would pale gray clouds visible present Most B&W pictures can improved using yellow filter its have youre having Fig 3 exposed through orange filter airplane renders pale gray well separated background Compare trailing edge stabilizer four figures Which picture printed best magazine 86 Model Aviation colors represented pile wings Look color print same wings see what happens B&W filters used Fig 6 left use haze filter Fig 7 right taken yellow filter Photography art science sky wcre visible would appear dramatic dark gray bold white clouds Finally Fig 4 exposed through green filter situation hard see effect filter has lightened grass background much soil showing through overall impression ground made blotchy summer lush growth picture green lilter will lighten green things making detail visible model situations exactly opposite effect want green filter doesnt get much use However trying photograph green airplane sitting bare dirt blacktop green filter can very useful Rather bore other possible situations have prepared Fig 5 general guide use filters practice will able expand list cover situations meet often Thats orange green look some other colors see color picture repro duced 35mm slide ofa pile wings lying winter-dormant lawn Compare B&W reproductions Figs 69 B&W photos article taken Tim Myers using 35mm camera filters shown Fig II hIm Ilford FP-4 fine-grained panchromatic type rated ASA 125 daylight Figures 6 through 9 printed same paper developed exactly same way order preserve tonal relationships trying illustrate 1-ig 6 exposed through haze hilterrccom mended protect lens changing image Note color has its own gray tone negative Fig 7 exposed through medium yellow filter Note yellow wing now prints almost white demonstrates hilter fact #1 filter same color subject causes subject color print lighter lone unfiltered image negative Fig 8 exposed through orange filter Note transparent red cover-July 198287 colorsyou would expectto find routinely models shown picture same wings shown four B&W prints Compare see effects filters B&W Figure BOrange FilterFigure 9Green Filter Again check color print vs two B&W pictures Fig 8 left exposed through orange filter Fig 9 right use green filter Filters used lighten darken colors represented shades gray B&W photography Use Fig 5 general guide Figure 5Colored Filters Slack-and-White Photography PredominantFilter Print SubjectFilter Print Subject ModelLighter BackgroundDarker Background ColorGrassSkyGrassSky RedRedOrange RedGreenGreen OrangeOrangeOrange RedGreenNone Reqd YellowYellowOrange YellowBlueBacklighting GreenUse FlashProbably CantNone Reqd BlueUse FlashGreenOrange BrownOrangeOrangeOrange Green BlackNo WayNo WayNoneNone WhiteNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting ChromeNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting AluminumYellowOrangeGreenBacklighting GoldOrangeOrange YellowGreenBacklighting Notes 1 table assumes use three filters green orange yellow hundreds other colors available special situations 2 Data presented table result actual test photographs However careful changes lighting can produce alternative solutions Photography art science ing has virtually disappeared revealingthe struc ture underneath Note also orange wing now prints nearly white Finally look green wing Note prints very dark showing us filter fact #2 filter complementary color subject causes print darker lone unfiltered image Finally lookat Fig 9 exposed Figure 12No Filter through green filter Note grass prints very much lighter tone resulting improved contrast colors Now go back examine ways other colors has changed among Figures 6 through 9 shifting tones red white blue gold RC Guillotine particu larly interesting changes gray tone chrome wing 66 chrome wing reflects blue sky what seeing same changes would see sky photo Sometimes unexpected things will happen look gold Spectra-tape stripe black wing expect see render palest shade gray seen through yellow filter As can see didnt happen green filter rendered palest shade Apparently diffracted light seen camera green will assume have convinced value filters have run right out buy some Now youre back does make use have modern automatic camera just screw clamp filter front lens start shooting pictures electric eye usually adjusted see colors same way photographic emulsions order correctly expose color films manual came camera should note exceptions tell deal camera isnt automatic will have increase exposure time compensate fact filter stops part light Both instruction sheet comes filter sheet comes film will suggest filter factors Since films filters vary manfacturer manufacturer perfect factor Figure 14Orange Filter Figure 13Yellow FilterFigure 15-Green Filter Filters work also indoor photography Balsa grain shows less depending filter used setup see what color back ground would best show off construction pictures Fig 12 top left unfiltered Fig 13 lower left yellow filter Fig 14 top right shows orange filter undesirable kind picture Fig 15 lower right green filter Background colors starting bottom right going round clock pink yellow dark purple orange black dark green Best black dark green 88 Model Aviation situation obtained testing Lets look example Assume want expose Kodak Plus X film through orange filter pull out little strip paper Kodak packed box film right away trouble No orange filters numbered instead being described color names Pull out data sheet comes filter find different code may consist numbers letters both filter manufac turers seldom references filter factors specific films specific manufacturers Dont panic Fig 10 has prepared us give starting point Lets take example photo bright sunlight Kodak gives basic exposure f/Il 1/250th second medium orange filter should have filter factor range of3 5 Therefore shoot series pictures f/Il using exposures 3/250 4/250 5/250 second course shutter wont marked way reduce fraction pick nearest number available isnt critical anyway example would probably use 1/90 1/60 I/SO available Keep record what have done pick best result file away information next time will need What about indoor pictures using automatic strobe light nothing Set up no filter Go Fig 10 find out stops open up automatic f/stop ordered calculator Set lens accordingly put shutter X sync shoot pictures Folks using flashbulbs will find easiest simply divide no filter guide number filter factor use result calculate f/stop vs distance relationship Example using Plus-X film orange filter again Flashcube X-synced 1/30th second find have no filter guide number 100 Dividing average orangefilter-factor of4 gives us result of25 filtered guide number Now set lens f/8 Flashcube has 25/8 et subject can forget about extra sth foot 112 inches because process isnt critical want scientific about try shots Flashcube 2 3 4 feet subject Treat non-automatic strobes same way Flasheubes Photoflood bulbs other tungsten lightbulbs have light characteristically orange therefore reduce filter factors g such light automatic camera may tend overexpose pictures taken tung sten light know does have ability set film ASA number have multiply ASA number 4/3 enter result Plus-X film 125 x 4/3 closest value camera will ASA 160 mark below ASA 200 use have read through preceding para graphs may wondering use filters indoors glad asked question Figures 12 through 15 give answers negatives exposed automatic strobe light using corrections above filters noted filters have same effects colored subjects indoors outdoors However important indoor subjects models under construction Since balsa nearly white might expect filters would have little no effect Figure 10Approximate Filter Factors Arranged Color ColorCode NameFilter Factor NameKodakHoyaNikonRange Yellow68 15K2Y44 Y48 Y5215 20 Open 1 stop Orange25 85CG0523 5 Open 1 2% stops Green111358XlXOX12to6 Open 1 2% stops case Since grain balsa orange might expect organe filter would conceal grain Comparing Fig 12 14 shows exactly what happens next conclusion could jump green filter would emphasize grain Fig 15 shows doesnt happen Fig 13 shows yellow filter has virtually no effect photos taken time trying find optimum situation photographing model various stages con struction concluded best results would obtained open no diffuser strobe light illuminating model placed front dark green black cloth background main requirement background cloth cloth should have rough finish create shiny surfaces would reveal wrinkles cloth shadows structure Well youve short course what filters can cant additional information consult public library theyre certain have information photography really want know II Fig 11 Minolta camera filters uaed tests Use filter blocks some light reaching film exposure adjustment should made usually accomplished automatically modern auto-exposure cameras must done manually non-auto models Figure 10 has guide typical adjustments text tells howto calculate filterfactars Notes 1 denser color higher filter factor number 2 filter factors given apply panchromatic films having ASA numbers between 100 400 July 198289
Edition: Model Aviation - 1982/07
Page Numbers: 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
I -C spA3 75i3/a@2P WV iLl Black-and-white photography far dead fact pictures magazine other magazines printed B&W Perhaps youve noticed quality some pictures better others Whether magazine use own personal enjoyment correct use filters gives edge U Timothy J George M Myers THIRTY years ago camera left store wearing yellow filter argument needed tiller order get natural rendition colors film course B&W has no color shades gray point ought different shade gray tbr color spectrum Proper filters make possible Theres B&W photography just color differences can produce visible shade gray b simply varying intensity white light So no intrinsic value having lixed gray-to-color relationship its said done thing makes ood B&W photo grat-tooe sepaiahon Proper use filters makes possible talk B&W pictures age color Pickup dozen magazines random count pictures separating B&W eolor Surprise half what see printed B&W Ifs less expensive quicker color world still needs good B&W photographs too familiar July 198285 Figure 1No Figure 2Yellow FilterFigure 4Green Filter get full appreciation four B&W pictures need also look full-color reproduction same subject Fig 1 top left taken filter camera Fig 2 lower left yellow filter have B&W photography have Fig 3 lIop right orange filter notice lightens orange airplane Fig 4 lower right green filter Which view shows plane best Which representative color picture Pictures Tim Myers 1118 pttuI uiou cLouuu aiuU fib tUIU uui. piaiIV ungirt Wdb 8110 U coior prim uompare B&W reproductions B&Ws pictur color print B&W film camera filters installed indicated Figures 1 through 4 fact photograph beautiful model airplane front usual trees grass main reason plane can seen has different texture No matter what color plane finished its gray tone blends rather well background Proper use filters can put model gray tone really stands out background Well show Figures through 4 B&W photos ofa color print Lou Stauch holding Cold Duck front ofa background winter turf Cold Duck finished bright orange acrylic lacquer black spears white striping tape original color print also reproduced full color will keep fingers crossed reason ably faithful copy mechanics printing may creat color shifts Figs 1-4 printed single sheet ofpaper controlling exposure make backgrounds print approxi mately same shade gray Note airplane nearly perfectly matches background Fig No filter used making negative shows us usual type photo submitted publication lithe sky visible shot would pure white Lets see filters can improve picture Fig 2 exposed through medium yellow filter Note airplane has assumed slightly lighter shade gray sky visible too would pale gray clouds visible present Most B&W pictures can improved using yellow filter its have youre having Fig 3 exposed through orange filter airplane renders pale gray well separated background Compare trailing edge stabilizer four figures Which picture printed best magazine 86 Model Aviation colors represented pile wings Look color print same wings see what happens B&W filters used Fig 6 left use haze filter Fig 7 right taken yellow filter Photography art science sky wcre visible would appear dramatic dark gray bold white clouds Finally Fig 4 exposed through green filter situation hard see effect filter has lightened grass background much soil showing through overall impression ground made blotchy summer lush growth picture green lilter will lighten green things making detail visible model situations exactly opposite effect want green filter doesnt get much use However trying photograph green airplane sitting bare dirt blacktop green filter can very useful Rather bore other possible situations have prepared Fig 5 general guide use filters practice will able expand list cover situations meet often Thats orange green look some other colors see color picture repro duced 35mm slide ofa pile wings lying winter-dormant lawn Compare B&W reproductions Figs 69 B&W photos article taken Tim Myers using 35mm camera filters shown Fig II hIm Ilford FP-4 fine-grained panchromatic type rated ASA 125 daylight Figures 6 through 9 printed same paper developed exactly same way order preserve tonal relationships trying illustrate 1-ig 6 exposed through haze hilterrccom mended protect lens changing image Note color has its own gray tone negative Fig 7 exposed through medium yellow filter Note yellow wing now prints almost white demonstrates hilter fact #1 filter same color subject causes subject color print lighter lone unfiltered image negative Fig 8 exposed through orange filter Note transparent red cover-July 198287 colorsyou would expectto find routinely models shown picture same wings shown four B&W prints Compare see effects filters B&W Figure BOrange FilterFigure 9Green Filter Again check color print vs two B&W pictures Fig 8 left exposed through orange filter Fig 9 right use green filter Filters used lighten darken colors represented shades gray B&W photography Use Fig 5 general guide Figure 5Colored Filters Slack-and-White Photography PredominantFilter Print SubjectFilter Print Subject ModelLighter BackgroundDarker Background ColorGrassSkyGrassSky RedRedOrange RedGreenGreen OrangeOrangeOrange RedGreenNone Reqd YellowYellowOrange YellowBlueBacklighting GreenUse FlashProbably CantNone Reqd BlueUse FlashGreenOrange BrownOrangeOrangeOrange Green BlackNo WayNo WayNoneNone WhiteNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting ChromeNoneProbably CantNo WayBacklighting AluminumYellowOrangeGreenBacklighting GoldOrangeOrange YellowGreenBacklighting Notes 1 table assumes use three filters green orange yellow hundreds other colors available special situations 2 Data presented table result actual test photographs However careful changes lighting can produce alternative solutions Photography art science ing has virtually disappeared revealingthe struc ture underneath Note also orange wing now prints nearly white Finally look green wing Note prints very dark showing us filter fact #2 filter complementary color subject causes print darker lone unfiltered image Finally lookat Fig 9 exposed Figure 12No Filter through green filter Note grass prints very much lighter tone resulting improved contrast colors Now go back examine ways other colors has changed among Figures 6 through 9 shifting tones red white blue gold RC Guillotine particu larly interesting changes gray tone chrome wing 66 chrome wing reflects blue sky what seeing same changes would see sky photo Sometimes unexpected things will happen look gold Spectra-tape stripe black wing expect see render palest shade gray seen through yellow filter As can see didnt happen green filter rendered palest shade Apparently diffracted light seen camera green will assume have convinced value filters have run right out buy some Now youre back does make use have modern automatic camera just screw clamp filter front lens start shooting pictures electric eye usually adjusted see colors same way photographic emulsions order correctly expose color films manual came camera should note exceptions tell deal camera isnt automatic will have increase exposure time compensate fact filter stops part light Both instruction sheet comes filter sheet comes film will suggest filter factors Since films filters vary manfacturer manufacturer perfect factor Figure 14Orange Filter Figure 13Yellow FilterFigure 15-Green Filter Filters work also indoor photography Balsa grain shows less depending filter used setup see what color back ground would best show off construction pictures Fig 12 top left unfiltered Fig 13 lower left yellow filter Fig 14 top right shows orange filter undesirable kind picture Fig 15 lower right green filter Background colors starting bottom right going round clock pink yellow dark purple orange black dark green Best black dark green 88 Model Aviation situation obtained testing Lets look example Assume want expose Kodak Plus X film through orange filter pull out little strip paper Kodak packed box film right away trouble No orange filters numbered instead being described color names Pull out data sheet comes filter find different code may consist numbers letters both filter manufac turers seldom references filter factors specific films specific manufacturers Dont panic Fig 10 has prepared us give starting point Lets take example photo bright sunlight Kodak gives basic exposure f/Il 1/250th second medium orange filter should have filter factor range of3 5 Therefore shoot series pictures f/Il using exposures 3/250 4/250 5/250 second course shutter wont marked way reduce fraction pick nearest number available isnt critical anyway example would probably use 1/90 1/60 I/SO available Keep record what have done pick best result file away information next time will need What about indoor pictures using automatic strobe light nothing Set up no filter Go Fig 10 find out stops open up automatic f/stop ordered calculator Set lens accordingly put shutter X sync shoot pictures Folks using flashbulbs will find easiest simply divide no filter guide number filter factor use result calculate f/stop vs distance relationship Example using Plus-X film orange filter again Flashcube X-synced 1/30th second find have no filter guide number 100 Dividing average orangefilter-factor of4 gives us result of25 filtered guide number Now set lens f/8 Flashcube has 25/8 et subject can forget about extra sth foot 112 inches because process isnt critical want scientific about try shots Flashcube 2 3 4 feet subject Treat non-automatic strobes same way Flasheubes Photoflood bulbs other tungsten lightbulbs have light characteristically orange therefore reduce filter factors g such light automatic camera may tend overexpose pictures taken tung sten light know does have ability set film ASA number have multiply ASA number 4/3 enter result Plus-X film 125 x 4/3 closest value camera will ASA 160 mark below ASA 200 use have read through preceding para graphs may wondering use filters indoors glad asked question Figures 12 through 15 give answers negatives exposed automatic strobe light using corrections above filters noted filters have same effects colored subjects indoors outdoors However important indoor subjects models under construction Since balsa nearly white might expect filters would have little no effect Figure 10Approximate Filter Factors Arranged Color ColorCode NameFilter Factor NameKodakHoyaNikonRange Yellow68 15K2Y44 Y48 Y5215 20 Open 1 stop Orange25 85CG0523 5 Open 1 2% stops Green111358XlXOX12to6 Open 1 2% stops case Since grain balsa orange might expect organe filter would conceal grain Comparing Fig 12 14 shows exactly what happens next conclusion could jump green filter would emphasize grain Fig 15 shows doesnt happen Fig 13 shows yellow filter has virtually no effect photos taken time trying find optimum situation photographing model various stages con struction concluded best results would obtained open no diffuser strobe light illuminating model placed front dark green black cloth background main requirement background cloth cloth should have rough finish create shiny surfaces would reveal wrinkles cloth shadows structure Well youve short course what filters can cant additional information consult public library theyre certain have information photography really want know II Fig 11 Minolta camera filters uaed tests Use filter blocks some light reaching film exposure adjustment should made usually accomplished automatically modern auto-exposure cameras must done manually non-auto models Figure 10 has guide typical adjustments text tells howto calculate filterfactars Notes 1 denser color higher filter factor number 2 filter factors given apply panchromatic films having ASA numbers between 100 400 July 198289