Skip to main content
Home
  • Home
  • Browse All Issues
  • Model Aviation.com

Free Flight: Old-Timers

Author: B. Baker


Edition: Model Aviation - 1991/07
Page Numbers: 61, 154, 155, 156

Our reprint Old Buzzards Soaring Book courtesy David Tijeras Pony X Press DAVE THORNBRUGS Old Buzzards Soaring Book has much teach us about Stalking Invisible Thermal River Air just two chapter titles river air concept very good reminds us stand land air moves over us like river thermals have volume motion motion thermals affects local motion stream air wind three dimensions consider time velocity river fourth drawing reproduced permission publisher shows effect local wind strong thermal moving prevailing wind north south numbers represent model fliers small arrows near number show local temporary disturbances changes air modeler feels modeler position wind has increased due additive effect wind air rushing thermal its up-wind side thermal breaks loose Modeler two feels though wind has suddenly stopped may notice feels warmer number three will feel wind drop maybe think wind has shifted coming south now Modeler four really confused wind seems change southeast northeastno its southeast maybe eastsoutheast number five feels wind east northeast six has felt shift north east thermal passes him launch let us say hand-launched gliders Modelers two three will likely put models lift number might quick enough moments hesitation would put model strong downdraft What fellows off side Number six has missed Four will OK gets transition left turn thermal Continued page 154 4 0 buzzards eye view flying field fat thermal starting form right middle wind blowing north south numbers six indicate positions modelers ground arrows show changes wind velocity and/or direction per ceived modeler Old-Buzzards Soaring Book see text July 1991 61 Old-Timers Bill Baker 1902 Peter Pan Norman OK 73072 N w w N4 S D hi I-ft ll Dahigren sent shot Mrs Dan Clesla Thonotosassa Florida Buzzard Bombshell finished two shades pink Daughter chase bike lots tail grass sky full cumulus clouds loaf bread jug wine Willard Baiiou 84 years young flying models since 1918 wife originaldesign Polywog Old-Timer model flown Wakefield 150 square inch sizes Plans available England because Willard flew model 1990 Chicopee SAM Champs some British lads asked plans Since didnt have loaned model did drawings Order Terry Rose 35 Old Orchard Hariow Essex England CM186YG run about three pounds Sterling plus postage 6-METER RC IS FUN Code-Free Ham License Enjoy Amateur Radio privileges above 30 MHz having pass code test have pass 55-question exam basic radio FCC regulations ARRLs new book New Youre Talking makes understanding what required test snap exams given over country weekend Just think much fun youll have communicating through repeaters enjoy radio control models 6-meter ham band Theres satellite communication can talk Astronauts Cosmonauts orbit Enjoy friendly local communication Help disaster drills real thing Sound like fun Order copy New Youre Talking below Enclosed $19 plus $4 shipping total $23 charge $23 VISA ercard cover American Express Signature Acot Nn _________________________ Good fromExpires KIn Address MA T-50 UC7R CESSNACAT Keviar filament inner core surrounded high density vinyl jacket combination provides no-stretch cable protected fraying vinyl coating can used pulleys threaded through guide tubes such NyRod tubing used tension unsupported Key-Cord available two sizes 038 diameter 85 lb tensile strength 054 diameter 215 lb tensile strength packaged 20 foot lengths full details price information write Aerospace Composite Products PO Box 16621 Irvine Ca 92714 call 714/250-1107 Please send ideas notice upcoming CL Scale events contest reports especially photos CL Scale activity address very top columnD FF Old-Timers/Baker Continued page 61 Five six out launch wind feel east position three modeler releasing oncoming thermal can miss Easy climbs like never before makes lovely transition glide circle takes model right out side thermal happens never sure thing later problem commonly happens climb glide turns different directions model will seek center thermal spiral climb transition turn opposite direction thermal lost Now am entering another subject trim thermaling another column come Back friends two three best way pick thermal ride pay attention wind windy days drop velocity perceived three best time launch light wind days number better off number two reason Learn fly planes private field Five 6 day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RC Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 154 Model Aviation turn our pnnter unto airfoil plotter FOILED AGAIN! PLOT AIRFOILS IN ANY CHORD UP TO 24 INCHES MODIFY THICKNESS CAMBER & TRAILING EDGE PLOT SKIN THICKNESS FOR SHEETED WINGS ENTER DATA EASILY VIA INTELLIGENr EDITOR USERFRIENDLY MENUDRIYEN OPERATION INCLUDES IS-PAGE ILLUSTRATED USER MANUAL $45oo 00 p000000 IntnnaOooaJ bank 0000 00550J OOq00nn n-C/0/, 0000000 c0000 00 000000 p00000 Glyn co,puOuO p00000000 0P001 000000 iponOy 52000SF dioki SOOd 000000 noOn 0000000 CYGNET Software 714 496-6961 24843 Del Prado #1415 Dana Point CA 92629 CL Scale/Boss Continued page 111 BUILO ous OwN VACUUM BAGGING SYSTEM EASILY ASSEMBLED FROM COMMON INEXPENSIVE PARTS a HELPS YOU MAKE PERFECT COMPOSITE WINGS EVERY TIME WORKS WITH YOUR EXISTING MOLDS FOR FUSELAGES ETC a CAN HANDLE SEVERAL PARTS AT ONCE SEND $1200 CHECK OR MD FOR PLANS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO K&M DESIGN RESOURCES PO BOX 5028 ESSEX JOT VT 05452 City State Zip SUPERIOR QUALITY PRODUCTS Made White Laminating Epoxy & Fiberglass Strong Lightweight No Pin Holes tle e Construction dor Erebtull R/C Idle-Bar Glow Plugs Long Short$209 Only Also. Traditional line non-idle bar Glow Plugs Six Types 3 Heat Ranges High Performance Glow Element Blow Proof Seal Only $169 Swanson Associates PO Box 151 Wayne NJ e 1948 07470 U7L has waited thermal lull wind pass first puff return wind comes launches knows large thermal because has waited Number two may launching small large thermal cant sure number knows can launch quickly enough will good shape Modelers four five six know lift around because wind shift always toward thermal may lucky get high launches thermal large should consider crosswind downwind launch may thing Mostly what wait drop wind windy days wait until feel some wind calm days better wait until birds other models weed seeds etc going up leaving no doubt thermal can buy Thornburgs book Pony X Press 5 Monticello Drive Albuquerque New Mexico 87123 $1695 postpaid call 505/299-8749 use plastic money Thatll save agony spelling Albuquerque wont have worry about much postage New Mexico Old flying buddy Walter Rozelle points out danger too much thermal knowledge since official rule book SAM Society Antique Modelers events says Section VI Rule 8 Thermal detection devices such thermal sniffers electronic thermal detectors bubble machines mylar ribbons shall used assist contestant determining optimum time launch model Well now maybe give females competitive edge Walt suggests remember 60s pop song hit Streak streaker loose supermarket right between tomatoes pole beans Ethyls husband would yell dont look Ethyl alas too late like fashion maybe timer can yell dont look just right time can launch will picking right timer Walt concludes SAM continues FOAM WING CORES U U U U PRECISION MADE EXPANDED BEAD POLYSTYRENE REPLACEMENT WING & STAB CORES FOR ALL POPULAR RIC AIRCRAFT OVER 350 DIFFERENT WINGS U IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY SO IF YDLI HAVE FAVORITE BIRD THAT NEEDS WING CALL OR U U I--Z~ pAW L0TS0FARFWlNGC0RES.I 9- 4Jv4-U Dont trash after crash i Phone 3093423009 U Send $4SOfor catalog S U S U E Simmons Galesburg IL 61401 send scouting parties ahead burn bridges say main thing feel wind understand changes use eyes see effect wind whatever still legal see late Al Bissonette great airpicker July 1991 155 GRAPHICS line stripes numbers letters stars & trimsheets individually die cut fuel resistant other Micro-thin too Red white yellow blue & black c0vERnEJL 420 Babylon Rd Horsham PA 19044 USA Make Real Decals computer printer Send $800 S/H over 15 sq ft decal materials plus instruclions LARCO 27563 Dover Warren MI 48093 THE WIREMASTERTM nderIwitcr 4 different models wire bending tools offer Also available Alloy Stainless Aluminum Metric hardware Checkyourdeaerfirst un available send business size SASE free catalog JCM COMPANY 114 WashIngton Terr Dept Waukogan IL 60085 ~~7~~~I 209 645 5535 GOLDEN GATE HOBBIES PO BOX 27001 FRESNO CAUFORNIA 93729 M/CVISA OR COD HA TORI RA DICICON IMMSK HATORI BLUEPRINT SHOWS ALL EXHAUST ITEMS FULL SIZE 2FT X 4FT $ 5 WE WANT NEW DEALERS ! HATORI 650 LONG PIPE $4350 TO DEALERS CATALOG $ ZOO OR FREE Will-I ORDERS BOB HOLMAN PLANS use best scale 29 years Plane England leading scale niodeletlers have plane have won everything BEST Show Toledo World Scale Meet Ins Masters Plans Brian Taylor Dennis Bryant Thorpe BROS end leading British magazines Catalogs Best Scale SS00 Model Aircraft plans Handbook 199091 $500 IN bMping Scale Drawings Plans Handbook $500 BC-Model World Plans Coast Guide SS00 Catalogs $400 cc 3 shipped together order BOrn lIOtMAN tE Call 714 805-3959 Hew 130 pg GRMAN PLANS BOOKSI Other Catalogs Please Ad $200 Shipped Separate Also available 80 92 sg THE BEST IN SCALE POBOX 741 SAN BERNARDINO CA 92402 714 8853959 flULUILAE1 PLANS TAYLOR 70 HURRICANE PLANS $3500 shiping FG COWL CANOPY SPINNER $6000 PRECUT RIBS $2000 Compare before buy make horrible mistake like man told did bought another kit Wells Cargo Behind. Never Look Back WELLS CARGO Rolling Hanger like makes sense serious RC model pilot has dependable weather-proof transport has convenient safe storage Bird wings spare props radio gear organized ready go Buzzin anytime weatherman says OK Cloud Dancer unit 12 foot ToteWagon model Weve got Wells Cargo just right 6 feet up 3 YR LIMITED WARRANTY PROGRAM FACTORY SERVICE POINTS A TX UTAH US WIDE DEALER SERVICE NETWORK BALL HITCH TRAILERS 6-32 GOOSE NECKS 0 1-800-348-7553 FOR LITERATURE PRICES DEALER & PLANT LOCATIONS SINCEUATU 1954 [1 LIS CARGO PO BOX 729-962ELKHART IN 46515-0729 mostly did looking upwind watching trees grass move New catalog Old Timer Model Supply out better ever Two dollars OTMS PO Box 7334 Van Nuys California 91409 copy Gene Hempel does custom engine work including chrome plating has special Cox 049-05 1 parts 301 North Yale Drive Garland TX 75042 Tel 214/272-5210 Dave Haught has plans rubber CO2 scale models early days aviation likely appeal Old-Timer fan has just sent printer new book Building SAY YOU SAW TIN MODEL AVIATION Kids will have over 20 plans ideas teaching youngsters model building book will $20 pp list plans can yours SASE Haught Graphics Rt 1 Box 978 Munising Michigan 49862 Plans rubber model towline glider kits old 1938-48 Best-by-Test Model Company can purchased designer Edward Schlosser PO Box 412 Ridgefield New Jersey 07657-1418 also has number items hardware interest rubber fliersthrust washers tension springs 14 inch machine-carved balsa propeller etc SASE should get catalog ctric Vacuum Bagging System Foam Core Wings $74 95* Complete Easy Use Add 55 SlVppIOg handlIng Colitorno resldenls odd 0 5% soles lox Dealer Inquiries Invited VISA Mastercard Accepted sheets will show copy old ad general arrangement drawings models Altimeter Stratometer have popular recently SAM small cabin stick events larger 44 span Enduro stick Sensatherm Cabin should become popular also light structurally simple welldesigned duration models FF Indoor/Tenny Continued page 112 compiled Tom Vallee must notify Continued page 160 5501 WCOMO SANTA ANA CALIFORNIA 92703 714 826-6861 GO FLYING WITH COMPLETE ROLLING HANGER LIKE THISI AIR WOLF EPOXY FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE S TAKES MOST 50-60 MECHANICS OTHER MODELS AVAILABLE LARRY JOLLY MODEL PRODUCTS $21000

Author: B. Baker


Edition: Model Aviation - 1991/07
Page Numbers: 61, 154, 155, 156

Our reprint Old Buzzards Soaring Book courtesy David Tijeras Pony X Press DAVE THORNBRUGS Old Buzzards Soaring Book has much teach us about Stalking Invisible Thermal River Air just two chapter titles river air concept very good reminds us stand land air moves over us like river thermals have volume motion motion thermals affects local motion stream air wind three dimensions consider time velocity river fourth drawing reproduced permission publisher shows effect local wind strong thermal moving prevailing wind north south numbers represent model fliers small arrows near number show local temporary disturbances changes air modeler feels modeler position wind has increased due additive effect wind air rushing thermal its up-wind side thermal breaks loose Modeler two feels though wind has suddenly stopped may notice feels warmer number three will feel wind drop maybe think wind has shifted coming south now Modeler four really confused wind seems change southeast northeastno its southeast maybe eastsoutheast number five feels wind east northeast six has felt shift north east thermal passes him launch let us say hand-launched gliders Modelers two three will likely put models lift number might quick enough moments hesitation would put model strong downdraft What fellows off side Number six has missed Four will OK gets transition left turn thermal Continued page 154 4 0 buzzards eye view flying field fat thermal starting form right middle wind blowing north south numbers six indicate positions modelers ground arrows show changes wind velocity and/or direction per ceived modeler Old-Buzzards Soaring Book see text July 1991 61 Old-Timers Bill Baker 1902 Peter Pan Norman OK 73072 N w w N4 S D hi I-ft ll Dahigren sent shot Mrs Dan Clesla Thonotosassa Florida Buzzard Bombshell finished two shades pink Daughter chase bike lots tail grass sky full cumulus clouds loaf bread jug wine Willard Baiiou 84 years young flying models since 1918 wife originaldesign Polywog Old-Timer model flown Wakefield 150 square inch sizes Plans available England because Willard flew model 1990 Chicopee SAM Champs some British lads asked plans Since didnt have loaned model did drawings Order Terry Rose 35 Old Orchard Hariow Essex England CM186YG run about three pounds Sterling plus postage 6-METER RC IS FUN Code-Free Ham License Enjoy Amateur Radio privileges above 30 MHz having pass code test have pass 55-question exam basic radio FCC regulations ARRLs new book New Youre Talking makes understanding what required test snap exams given over country weekend Just think much fun youll have communicating through repeaters enjoy radio control models 6-meter ham band Theres satellite communication can talk Astronauts Cosmonauts orbit Enjoy friendly local communication Help disaster drills real thing Sound like fun Order copy New Youre Talking below Enclosed $19 plus $4 shipping total $23 charge $23 VISA ercard cover American Express Signature Acot Nn _________________________ Good fromExpires KIn Address MA T-50 UC7R CESSNACAT Keviar filament inner core surrounded high density vinyl jacket combination provides no-stretch cable protected fraying vinyl coating can used pulleys threaded through guide tubes such NyRod tubing used tension unsupported Key-Cord available two sizes 038 diameter 85 lb tensile strength 054 diameter 215 lb tensile strength packaged 20 foot lengths full details price information write Aerospace Composite Products PO Box 16621 Irvine Ca 92714 call 714/250-1107 Please send ideas notice upcoming CL Scale events contest reports especially photos CL Scale activity address very top columnD FF Old-Timers/Baker Continued page 61 Five six out launch wind feel east position three modeler releasing oncoming thermal can miss Easy climbs like never before makes lovely transition glide circle takes model right out side thermal happens never sure thing later problem commonly happens climb glide turns different directions model will seek center thermal spiral climb transition turn opposite direction thermal lost Now am entering another subject trim thermaling another column come Back friends two three best way pick thermal ride pay attention wind windy days drop velocity perceived three best time launch light wind days number better off number two reason Learn fly planes private field Five 6 day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RC Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 154 Model Aviation turn our pnnter unto airfoil plotter FOILED AGAIN! PLOT AIRFOILS IN ANY CHORD UP TO 24 INCHES MODIFY THICKNESS CAMBER & TRAILING EDGE PLOT SKIN THICKNESS FOR SHEETED WINGS ENTER DATA EASILY VIA INTELLIGENr EDITOR USERFRIENDLY MENUDRIYEN OPERATION INCLUDES IS-PAGE ILLUSTRATED USER MANUAL $45oo 00 p000000 IntnnaOooaJ bank 0000 00550J OOq00nn n-C/0/, 0000000 c0000 00 000000 p00000 Glyn co,puOuO p00000000 0P001 000000 iponOy 52000SF dioki SOOd 000000 noOn 0000000 CYGNET Software 714 496-6961 24843 Del Prado #1415 Dana Point CA 92629 CL Scale/Boss Continued page 111 BUILO ous OwN VACUUM BAGGING SYSTEM EASILY ASSEMBLED FROM COMMON INEXPENSIVE PARTS a HELPS YOU MAKE PERFECT COMPOSITE WINGS EVERY TIME WORKS WITH YOUR EXISTING MOLDS FOR FUSELAGES ETC a CAN HANDLE SEVERAL PARTS AT ONCE SEND $1200 CHECK OR MD FOR PLANS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO K&M DESIGN RESOURCES PO BOX 5028 ESSEX JOT VT 05452 City State Zip SUPERIOR QUALITY PRODUCTS Made White Laminating Epoxy & Fiberglass Strong Lightweight No Pin Holes tle e Construction dor Erebtull R/C Idle-Bar Glow Plugs Long Short$209 Only Also. Traditional line non-idle bar Glow Plugs Six Types 3 Heat Ranges High Performance Glow Element Blow Proof Seal Only $169 Swanson Associates PO Box 151 Wayne NJ e 1948 07470 U7L has waited thermal lull wind pass first puff return wind comes launches knows large thermal because has waited Number two may launching small large thermal cant sure number knows can launch quickly enough will good shape Modelers four five six know lift around because wind shift always toward thermal may lucky get high launches thermal large should consider crosswind downwind launch may thing Mostly what wait drop wind windy days wait until feel some wind calm days better wait until birds other models weed seeds etc going up leaving no doubt thermal can buy Thornburgs book Pony X Press 5 Monticello Drive Albuquerque New Mexico 87123 $1695 postpaid call 505/299-8749 use plastic money Thatll save agony spelling Albuquerque wont have worry about much postage New Mexico Old flying buddy Walter Rozelle points out danger too much thermal knowledge since official rule book SAM Society Antique Modelers events says Section VI Rule 8 Thermal detection devices such thermal sniffers electronic thermal detectors bubble machines mylar ribbons shall used assist contestant determining optimum time launch model Well now maybe give females competitive edge Walt suggests remember 60s pop song hit Streak streaker loose supermarket right between tomatoes pole beans Ethyls husband would yell dont look Ethyl alas too late like fashion maybe timer can yell dont look just right time can launch will picking right timer Walt concludes SAM continues FOAM WING CORES U U U U PRECISION MADE EXPANDED BEAD POLYSTYRENE REPLACEMENT WING & STAB CORES FOR ALL POPULAR RIC AIRCRAFT OVER 350 DIFFERENT WINGS U IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY SO IF YDLI HAVE FAVORITE BIRD THAT NEEDS WING CALL OR U U I--Z~ pAW L0TS0FARFWlNGC0RES.I 9- 4Jv4-U Dont trash after crash i Phone 3093423009 U Send $4SOfor catalog S U S U E Simmons Galesburg IL 61401 send scouting parties ahead burn bridges say main thing feel wind understand changes use eyes see effect wind whatever still legal see late Al Bissonette great airpicker July 1991 155 GRAPHICS line stripes numbers letters stars & trimsheets individually die cut fuel resistant other Micro-thin too Red white yellow blue & black c0vERnEJL 420 Babylon Rd Horsham PA 19044 USA Make Real Decals computer printer Send $800 S/H over 15 sq ft decal materials plus instruclions LARCO 27563 Dover Warren MI 48093 THE WIREMASTERTM nderIwitcr 4 different models wire bending tools offer Also available Alloy Stainless Aluminum Metric hardware Checkyourdeaerfirst un available send business size SASE free catalog JCM COMPANY 114 WashIngton Terr Dept Waukogan IL 60085 ~~7~~~I 209 645 5535 GOLDEN GATE HOBBIES PO BOX 27001 FRESNO CAUFORNIA 93729 M/CVISA OR COD HA TORI RA DICICON IMMSK HATORI BLUEPRINT SHOWS ALL EXHAUST ITEMS FULL SIZE 2FT X 4FT $ 5 WE WANT NEW DEALERS ! HATORI 650 LONG PIPE $4350 TO DEALERS CATALOG $ ZOO OR FREE Will-I ORDERS BOB HOLMAN PLANS use best scale 29 years Plane England leading scale niodeletlers have plane have won everything BEST Show Toledo World Scale Meet Ins Masters Plans Brian Taylor Dennis Bryant Thorpe BROS end leading British magazines Catalogs Best Scale SS00 Model Aircraft plans Handbook 199091 $500 IN bMping Scale Drawings Plans Handbook $500 BC-Model World Plans Coast Guide SS00 Catalogs $400 cc 3 shipped together order BOrn lIOtMAN tE Call 714 805-3959 Hew 130 pg GRMAN PLANS BOOKSI Other Catalogs Please Ad $200 Shipped Separate Also available 80 92 sg THE BEST IN SCALE POBOX 741 SAN BERNARDINO CA 92402 714 8853959 flULUILAE1 PLANS TAYLOR 70 HURRICANE PLANS $3500 shiping FG COWL CANOPY SPINNER $6000 PRECUT RIBS $2000 Compare before buy make horrible mistake like man told did bought another kit Wells Cargo Behind. Never Look Back WELLS CARGO Rolling Hanger like makes sense serious RC model pilot has dependable weather-proof transport has convenient safe storage Bird wings spare props radio gear organized ready go Buzzin anytime weatherman says OK Cloud Dancer unit 12 foot ToteWagon model Weve got Wells Cargo just right 6 feet up 3 YR LIMITED WARRANTY PROGRAM FACTORY SERVICE POINTS A TX UTAH US WIDE DEALER SERVICE NETWORK BALL HITCH TRAILERS 6-32 GOOSE NECKS 0 1-800-348-7553 FOR LITERATURE PRICES DEALER & PLANT LOCATIONS SINCEUATU 1954 [1 LIS CARGO PO BOX 729-962ELKHART IN 46515-0729 mostly did looking upwind watching trees grass move New catalog Old Timer Model Supply out better ever Two dollars OTMS PO Box 7334 Van Nuys California 91409 copy Gene Hempel does custom engine work including chrome plating has special Cox 049-05 1 parts 301 North Yale Drive Garland TX 75042 Tel 214/272-5210 Dave Haught has plans rubber CO2 scale models early days aviation likely appeal Old-Timer fan has just sent printer new book Building SAY YOU SAW TIN MODEL AVIATION Kids will have over 20 plans ideas teaching youngsters model building book will $20 pp list plans can yours SASE Haught Graphics Rt 1 Box 978 Munising Michigan 49862 Plans rubber model towline glider kits old 1938-48 Best-by-Test Model Company can purchased designer Edward Schlosser PO Box 412 Ridgefield New Jersey 07657-1418 also has number items hardware interest rubber fliersthrust washers tension springs 14 inch machine-carved balsa propeller etc SASE should get catalog ctric Vacuum Bagging System Foam Core Wings $74 95* Complete Easy Use Add 55 SlVppIOg handlIng Colitorno resldenls odd 0 5% soles lox Dealer Inquiries Invited VISA Mastercard Accepted sheets will show copy old ad general arrangement drawings models Altimeter Stratometer have popular recently SAM small cabin stick events larger 44 span Enduro stick Sensatherm Cabin should become popular also light structurally simple welldesigned duration models FF Indoor/Tenny Continued page 112 compiled Tom Vallee must notify Continued page 160 5501 WCOMO SANTA ANA CALIFORNIA 92703 714 826-6861 GO FLYING WITH COMPLETE ROLLING HANGER LIKE THISI AIR WOLF EPOXY FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE S TAKES MOST 50-60 MECHANICS OTHER MODELS AVAILABLE LARRY JOLLY MODEL PRODUCTS $21000

Author: B. Baker


Edition: Model Aviation - 1991/07
Page Numbers: 61, 154, 155, 156

Our reprint Old Buzzards Soaring Book courtesy David Tijeras Pony X Press DAVE THORNBRUGS Old Buzzards Soaring Book has much teach us about Stalking Invisible Thermal River Air just two chapter titles river air concept very good reminds us stand land air moves over us like river thermals have volume motion motion thermals affects local motion stream air wind three dimensions consider time velocity river fourth drawing reproduced permission publisher shows effect local wind strong thermal moving prevailing wind north south numbers represent model fliers small arrows near number show local temporary disturbances changes air modeler feels modeler position wind has increased due additive effect wind air rushing thermal its up-wind side thermal breaks loose Modeler two feels though wind has suddenly stopped may notice feels warmer number three will feel wind drop maybe think wind has shifted coming south now Modeler four really confused wind seems change southeast northeastno its southeast maybe eastsoutheast number five feels wind east northeast six has felt shift north east thermal passes him launch let us say hand-launched gliders Modelers two three will likely put models lift number might quick enough moments hesitation would put model strong downdraft What fellows off side Number six has missed Four will OK gets transition left turn thermal Continued page 154 4 0 buzzards eye view flying field fat thermal starting form right middle wind blowing north south numbers six indicate positions modelers ground arrows show changes wind velocity and/or direction per ceived modeler Old-Buzzards Soaring Book see text July 1991 61 Old-Timers Bill Baker 1902 Peter Pan Norman OK 73072 N w w N4 S D hi I-ft ll Dahigren sent shot Mrs Dan Clesla Thonotosassa Florida Buzzard Bombshell finished two shades pink Daughter chase bike lots tail grass sky full cumulus clouds loaf bread jug wine Willard Baiiou 84 years young flying models since 1918 wife originaldesign Polywog Old-Timer model flown Wakefield 150 square inch sizes Plans available England because Willard flew model 1990 Chicopee SAM Champs some British lads asked plans Since didnt have loaned model did drawings Order Terry Rose 35 Old Orchard Hariow Essex England CM186YG run about three pounds Sterling plus postage 6-METER RC IS FUN Code-Free Ham License Enjoy Amateur Radio privileges above 30 MHz having pass code test have pass 55-question exam basic radio FCC regulations ARRLs new book New Youre Talking makes understanding what required test snap exams given over country weekend Just think much fun youll have communicating through repeaters enjoy radio control models 6-meter ham band Theres satellite communication can talk Astronauts Cosmonauts orbit Enjoy friendly local communication Help disaster drills real thing Sound like fun Order copy New Youre Talking below Enclosed $19 plus $4 shipping total $23 charge $23 VISA ercard cover American Express Signature Acot Nn _________________________ Good fromExpires KIn Address MA T-50 UC7R CESSNACAT Keviar filament inner core surrounded high density vinyl jacket combination provides no-stretch cable protected fraying vinyl coating can used pulleys threaded through guide tubes such NyRod tubing used tension unsupported Key-Cord available two sizes 038 diameter 85 lb tensile strength 054 diameter 215 lb tensile strength packaged 20 foot lengths full details price information write Aerospace Composite Products PO Box 16621 Irvine Ca 92714 call 714/250-1107 Please send ideas notice upcoming CL Scale events contest reports especially photos CL Scale activity address very top columnD FF Old-Timers/Baker Continued page 61 Five six out launch wind feel east position three modeler releasing oncoming thermal can miss Easy climbs like never before makes lovely transition glide circle takes model right out side thermal happens never sure thing later problem commonly happens climb glide turns different directions model will seek center thermal spiral climb transition turn opposite direction thermal lost Now am entering another subject trim thermaling another column come Back friends two three best way pick thermal ride pay attention wind windy days drop velocity perceived three best time launch light wind days number better off number two reason Learn fly planes private field Five 6 day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RC Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 154 Model Aviation turn our pnnter unto airfoil plotter FOILED AGAIN! PLOT AIRFOILS IN ANY CHORD UP TO 24 INCHES MODIFY THICKNESS CAMBER & TRAILING EDGE PLOT SKIN THICKNESS FOR SHEETED WINGS ENTER DATA EASILY VIA INTELLIGENr EDITOR USERFRIENDLY MENUDRIYEN OPERATION INCLUDES IS-PAGE ILLUSTRATED USER MANUAL $45oo 00 p000000 IntnnaOooaJ bank 0000 00550J OOq00nn n-C/0/, 0000000 c0000 00 000000 p00000 Glyn co,puOuO p00000000 0P001 000000 iponOy 52000SF dioki SOOd 000000 noOn 0000000 CYGNET Software 714 496-6961 24843 Del Prado #1415 Dana Point CA 92629 CL Scale/Boss Continued page 111 BUILO ous OwN VACUUM BAGGING SYSTEM EASILY ASSEMBLED FROM COMMON INEXPENSIVE PARTS a HELPS YOU MAKE PERFECT COMPOSITE WINGS EVERY TIME WORKS WITH YOUR EXISTING MOLDS FOR FUSELAGES ETC a CAN HANDLE SEVERAL PARTS AT ONCE SEND $1200 CHECK OR MD FOR PLANS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO K&M DESIGN RESOURCES PO BOX 5028 ESSEX JOT VT 05452 City State Zip SUPERIOR QUALITY PRODUCTS Made White Laminating Epoxy & Fiberglass Strong Lightweight No Pin Holes tle e Construction dor Erebtull R/C Idle-Bar Glow Plugs Long Short$209 Only Also. Traditional line non-idle bar Glow Plugs Six Types 3 Heat Ranges High Performance Glow Element Blow Proof Seal Only $169 Swanson Associates PO Box 151 Wayne NJ e 1948 07470 U7L has waited thermal lull wind pass first puff return wind comes launches knows large thermal because has waited Number two may launching small large thermal cant sure number knows can launch quickly enough will good shape Modelers four five six know lift around because wind shift always toward thermal may lucky get high launches thermal large should consider crosswind downwind launch may thing Mostly what wait drop wind windy days wait until feel some wind calm days better wait until birds other models weed seeds etc going up leaving no doubt thermal can buy Thornburgs book Pony X Press 5 Monticello Drive Albuquerque New Mexico 87123 $1695 postpaid call 505/299-8749 use plastic money Thatll save agony spelling Albuquerque wont have worry about much postage New Mexico Old flying buddy Walter Rozelle points out danger too much thermal knowledge since official rule book SAM Society Antique Modelers events says Section VI Rule 8 Thermal detection devices such thermal sniffers electronic thermal detectors bubble machines mylar ribbons shall used assist contestant determining optimum time launch model Well now maybe give females competitive edge Walt suggests remember 60s pop song hit Streak streaker loose supermarket right between tomatoes pole beans Ethyls husband would yell dont look Ethyl alas too late like fashion maybe timer can yell dont look just right time can launch will picking right timer Walt concludes SAM continues FOAM WING CORES U U U U PRECISION MADE EXPANDED BEAD POLYSTYRENE REPLACEMENT WING & STAB CORES FOR ALL POPULAR RIC AIRCRAFT OVER 350 DIFFERENT WINGS U IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY SO IF YDLI HAVE FAVORITE BIRD THAT NEEDS WING CALL OR U U I--Z~ pAW L0TS0FARFWlNGC0RES.I 9- 4Jv4-U Dont trash after crash i Phone 3093423009 U Send $4SOfor catalog S U S U E Simmons Galesburg IL 61401 send scouting parties ahead burn bridges say main thing feel wind understand changes use eyes see effect wind whatever still legal see late Al Bissonette great airpicker July 1991 155 GRAPHICS line stripes numbers letters stars & trimsheets individually die cut fuel resistant other Micro-thin too Red white yellow blue & black c0vERnEJL 420 Babylon Rd Horsham PA 19044 USA Make Real Decals computer printer Send $800 S/H over 15 sq ft decal materials plus instruclions LARCO 27563 Dover Warren MI 48093 THE WIREMASTERTM nderIwitcr 4 different models wire bending tools offer Also available Alloy Stainless Aluminum Metric hardware Checkyourdeaerfirst un available send business size SASE free catalog JCM COMPANY 114 WashIngton Terr Dept Waukogan IL 60085 ~~7~~~I 209 645 5535 GOLDEN GATE HOBBIES PO BOX 27001 FRESNO CAUFORNIA 93729 M/CVISA OR COD HA TORI RA DICICON IMMSK HATORI BLUEPRINT SHOWS ALL EXHAUST ITEMS FULL SIZE 2FT X 4FT $ 5 WE WANT NEW DEALERS ! HATORI 650 LONG PIPE $4350 TO DEALERS CATALOG $ ZOO OR FREE Will-I ORDERS BOB HOLMAN PLANS use best scale 29 years Plane England leading scale niodeletlers have plane have won everything BEST Show Toledo World Scale Meet Ins Masters Plans Brian Taylor Dennis Bryant Thorpe BROS end leading British magazines Catalogs Best Scale SS00 Model Aircraft plans Handbook 199091 $500 IN bMping Scale Drawings Plans Handbook $500 BC-Model World Plans Coast Guide SS00 Catalogs $400 cc 3 shipped together order BOrn lIOtMAN tE Call 714 805-3959 Hew 130 pg GRMAN PLANS BOOKSI Other Catalogs Please Ad $200 Shipped Separate Also available 80 92 sg THE BEST IN SCALE POBOX 741 SAN BERNARDINO CA 92402 714 8853959 flULUILAE1 PLANS TAYLOR 70 HURRICANE PLANS $3500 shiping FG COWL CANOPY SPINNER $6000 PRECUT RIBS $2000 Compare before buy make horrible mistake like man told did bought another kit Wells Cargo Behind. Never Look Back WELLS CARGO Rolling Hanger like makes sense serious RC model pilot has dependable weather-proof transport has convenient safe storage Bird wings spare props radio gear organized ready go Buzzin anytime weatherman says OK Cloud Dancer unit 12 foot ToteWagon model Weve got Wells Cargo just right 6 feet up 3 YR LIMITED WARRANTY PROGRAM FACTORY SERVICE POINTS A TX UTAH US WIDE DEALER SERVICE NETWORK BALL HITCH TRAILERS 6-32 GOOSE NECKS 0 1-800-348-7553 FOR LITERATURE PRICES DEALER & PLANT LOCATIONS SINCEUATU 1954 [1 LIS CARGO PO BOX 729-962ELKHART IN 46515-0729 mostly did looking upwind watching trees grass move New catalog Old Timer Model Supply out better ever Two dollars OTMS PO Box 7334 Van Nuys California 91409 copy Gene Hempel does custom engine work including chrome plating has special Cox 049-05 1 parts 301 North Yale Drive Garland TX 75042 Tel 214/272-5210 Dave Haught has plans rubber CO2 scale models early days aviation likely appeal Old-Timer fan has just sent printer new book Building SAY YOU SAW TIN MODEL AVIATION Kids will have over 20 plans ideas teaching youngsters model building book will $20 pp list plans can yours SASE Haught Graphics Rt 1 Box 978 Munising Michigan 49862 Plans rubber model towline glider kits old 1938-48 Best-by-Test Model Company can purchased designer Edward Schlosser PO Box 412 Ridgefield New Jersey 07657-1418 also has number items hardware interest rubber fliersthrust washers tension springs 14 inch machine-carved balsa propeller etc SASE should get catalog ctric Vacuum Bagging System Foam Core Wings $74 95* Complete Easy Use Add 55 SlVppIOg handlIng Colitorno resldenls odd 0 5% soles lox Dealer Inquiries Invited VISA Mastercard Accepted sheets will show copy old ad general arrangement drawings models Altimeter Stratometer have popular recently SAM small cabin stick events larger 44 span Enduro stick Sensatherm Cabin should become popular also light structurally simple welldesigned duration models FF Indoor/Tenny Continued page 112 compiled Tom Vallee must notify Continued page 160 5501 WCOMO SANTA ANA CALIFORNIA 92703 714 826-6861 GO FLYING WITH COMPLETE ROLLING HANGER LIKE THISI AIR WOLF EPOXY FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE S TAKES MOST 50-60 MECHANICS OTHER MODELS AVAILABLE LARRY JOLLY MODEL PRODUCTS $21000

Author: B. Baker


Edition: Model Aviation - 1991/07
Page Numbers: 61, 154, 155, 156

Our reprint Old Buzzards Soaring Book courtesy David Tijeras Pony X Press DAVE THORNBRUGS Old Buzzards Soaring Book has much teach us about Stalking Invisible Thermal River Air just two chapter titles river air concept very good reminds us stand land air moves over us like river thermals have volume motion motion thermals affects local motion stream air wind three dimensions consider time velocity river fourth drawing reproduced permission publisher shows effect local wind strong thermal moving prevailing wind north south numbers represent model fliers small arrows near number show local temporary disturbances changes air modeler feels modeler position wind has increased due additive effect wind air rushing thermal its up-wind side thermal breaks loose Modeler two feels though wind has suddenly stopped may notice feels warmer number three will feel wind drop maybe think wind has shifted coming south now Modeler four really confused wind seems change southeast northeastno its southeast maybe eastsoutheast number five feels wind east northeast six has felt shift north east thermal passes him launch let us say hand-launched gliders Modelers two three will likely put models lift number might quick enough moments hesitation would put model strong downdraft What fellows off side Number six has missed Four will OK gets transition left turn thermal Continued page 154 4 0 buzzards eye view flying field fat thermal starting form right middle wind blowing north south numbers six indicate positions modelers ground arrows show changes wind velocity and/or direction per ceived modeler Old-Buzzards Soaring Book see text July 1991 61 Old-Timers Bill Baker 1902 Peter Pan Norman OK 73072 N w w N4 S D hi I-ft ll Dahigren sent shot Mrs Dan Clesla Thonotosassa Florida Buzzard Bombshell finished two shades pink Daughter chase bike lots tail grass sky full cumulus clouds loaf bread jug wine Willard Baiiou 84 years young flying models since 1918 wife originaldesign Polywog Old-Timer model flown Wakefield 150 square inch sizes Plans available England because Willard flew model 1990 Chicopee SAM Champs some British lads asked plans Since didnt have loaned model did drawings Order Terry Rose 35 Old Orchard Hariow Essex England CM186YG run about three pounds Sterling plus postage 6-METER RC IS FUN Code-Free Ham License Enjoy Amateur Radio privileges above 30 MHz having pass code test have pass 55-question exam basic radio FCC regulations ARRLs new book New Youre Talking makes understanding what required test snap exams given over country weekend Just think much fun youll have communicating through repeaters enjoy radio control models 6-meter ham band Theres satellite communication can talk Astronauts Cosmonauts orbit Enjoy friendly local communication Help disaster drills real thing Sound like fun Order copy New Youre Talking below Enclosed $19 plus $4 shipping total $23 charge $23 VISA ercard cover American Express Signature Acot Nn _________________________ Good fromExpires KIn Address MA T-50 UC7R CESSNACAT Keviar filament inner core surrounded high density vinyl jacket combination provides no-stretch cable protected fraying vinyl coating can used pulleys threaded through guide tubes such NyRod tubing used tension unsupported Key-Cord available two sizes 038 diameter 85 lb tensile strength 054 diameter 215 lb tensile strength packaged 20 foot lengths full details price information write Aerospace Composite Products PO Box 16621 Irvine Ca 92714 call 714/250-1107 Please send ideas notice upcoming CL Scale events contest reports especially photos CL Scale activity address very top columnD FF Old-Timers/Baker Continued page 61 Five six out launch wind feel east position three modeler releasing oncoming thermal can miss Easy climbs like never before makes lovely transition glide circle takes model right out side thermal happens never sure thing later problem commonly happens climb glide turns different directions model will seek center thermal spiral climb transition turn opposite direction thermal lost Now am entering another subject trim thermaling another column come Back friends two three best way pick thermal ride pay attention wind windy days drop velocity perceived three best time launch light wind days number better off number two reason Learn fly planes private field Five 6 day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RC Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 154 Model Aviation turn our pnnter unto airfoil plotter FOILED AGAIN! PLOT AIRFOILS IN ANY CHORD UP TO 24 INCHES MODIFY THICKNESS CAMBER & TRAILING EDGE PLOT SKIN THICKNESS FOR SHEETED WINGS ENTER DATA EASILY VIA INTELLIGENr EDITOR USERFRIENDLY MENUDRIYEN OPERATION INCLUDES IS-PAGE ILLUSTRATED USER MANUAL $45oo 00 p000000 IntnnaOooaJ bank 0000 00550J OOq00nn n-C/0/, 0000000 c0000 00 000000 p00000 Glyn co,puOuO p00000000 0P001 000000 iponOy 52000SF dioki SOOd 000000 noOn 0000000 CYGNET Software 714 496-6961 24843 Del Prado #1415 Dana Point CA 92629 CL Scale/Boss Continued page 111 BUILO ous OwN VACUUM BAGGING SYSTEM EASILY ASSEMBLED FROM COMMON INEXPENSIVE PARTS a HELPS YOU MAKE PERFECT COMPOSITE WINGS EVERY TIME WORKS WITH YOUR EXISTING MOLDS FOR FUSELAGES ETC a CAN HANDLE SEVERAL PARTS AT ONCE SEND $1200 CHECK OR MD FOR PLANS AND INSTRUCTIONS TO K&M DESIGN RESOURCES PO BOX 5028 ESSEX JOT VT 05452 City State Zip SUPERIOR QUALITY PRODUCTS Made White Laminating Epoxy & Fiberglass Strong Lightweight No Pin Holes tle e Construction dor Erebtull R/C Idle-Bar Glow Plugs Long Short$209 Only Also. Traditional line non-idle bar Glow Plugs Six Types 3 Heat Ranges High Performance Glow Element Blow Proof Seal Only $169 Swanson Associates PO Box 151 Wayne NJ e 1948 07470 U7L has waited thermal lull wind pass first puff return wind comes launches knows large thermal because has waited Number two may launching small large thermal cant sure number knows can launch quickly enough will good shape Modelers four five six know lift around because wind shift always toward thermal may lucky get high launches thermal large should consider crosswind downwind launch may thing Mostly what wait drop wind windy days wait until feel some wind calm days better wait until birds other models weed seeds etc going up leaving no doubt thermal can buy Thornburgs book Pony X Press 5 Monticello Drive Albuquerque New Mexico 87123 $1695 postpaid call 505/299-8749 use plastic money Thatll save agony spelling Albuquerque wont have worry about much postage New Mexico Old flying buddy Walter Rozelle points out danger too much thermal knowledge since official rule book SAM Society Antique Modelers events says Section VI Rule 8 Thermal detection devices such thermal sniffers electronic thermal detectors bubble machines mylar ribbons shall used assist contestant determining optimum time launch model Well now maybe give females competitive edge Walt suggests remember 60s pop song hit Streak streaker loose supermarket right between tomatoes pole beans Ethyls husband would yell dont look Ethyl alas too late like fashion maybe timer can yell dont look just right time can launch will picking right timer Walt concludes SAM continues FOAM WING CORES U U U U PRECISION MADE EXPANDED BEAD POLYSTYRENE REPLACEMENT WING & STAB CORES FOR ALL POPULAR RIC AIRCRAFT OVER 350 DIFFERENT WINGS U IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY SO IF YDLI HAVE FAVORITE BIRD THAT NEEDS WING CALL OR U U I--Z~ pAW L0TS0FARFWlNGC0RES.I 9- 4Jv4-U Dont trash after crash i Phone 3093423009 U Send $4SOfor catalog S U S U E Simmons Galesburg IL 61401 send scouting parties ahead burn bridges say main thing feel wind understand changes use eyes see effect wind whatever still legal see late Al Bissonette great airpicker July 1991 155 GRAPHICS line stripes numbers letters stars & trimsheets individually die cut fuel resistant other Micro-thin too Red white yellow blue & black c0vERnEJL 420 Babylon Rd Horsham PA 19044 USA Make Real Decals computer printer Send $800 S/H over 15 sq ft decal materials plus instruclions LARCO 27563 Dover Warren MI 48093 THE WIREMASTERTM nderIwitcr 4 different models wire bending tools offer Also available Alloy Stainless Aluminum Metric hardware Checkyourdeaerfirst un available send business size SASE free catalog JCM COMPANY 114 WashIngton Terr Dept Waukogan IL 60085 ~~7~~~I 209 645 5535 GOLDEN GATE HOBBIES PO BOX 27001 FRESNO CAUFORNIA 93729 M/CVISA OR COD HA TORI RA DICICON IMMSK HATORI BLUEPRINT SHOWS ALL EXHAUST ITEMS FULL SIZE 2FT X 4FT $ 5 WE WANT NEW DEALERS ! HATORI 650 LONG PIPE $4350 TO DEALERS CATALOG $ ZOO OR FREE Will-I ORDERS BOB HOLMAN PLANS use best scale 29 years Plane England leading scale niodeletlers have plane have won everything BEST Show Toledo World Scale Meet Ins Masters Plans Brian Taylor Dennis Bryant Thorpe BROS end leading British magazines Catalogs Best Scale SS00 Model Aircraft plans Handbook 199091 $500 IN bMping Scale Drawings Plans Handbook $500 BC-Model World Plans Coast Guide SS00 Catalogs $400 cc 3 shipped together order BOrn lIOtMAN tE Call 714 805-3959 Hew 130 pg GRMAN PLANS BOOKSI Other Catalogs Please Ad $200 Shipped Separate Also available 80 92 sg THE BEST IN SCALE POBOX 741 SAN BERNARDINO CA 92402 714 8853959 flULUILAE1 PLANS TAYLOR 70 HURRICANE PLANS $3500 shiping FG COWL CANOPY SPINNER $6000 PRECUT RIBS $2000 Compare before buy make horrible mistake like man told did bought another kit Wells Cargo Behind. Never Look Back WELLS CARGO Rolling Hanger like makes sense serious RC model pilot has dependable weather-proof transport has convenient safe storage Bird wings spare props radio gear organized ready go Buzzin anytime weatherman says OK Cloud Dancer unit 12 foot ToteWagon model Weve got Wells Cargo just right 6 feet up 3 YR LIMITED WARRANTY PROGRAM FACTORY SERVICE POINTS A TX UTAH US WIDE DEALER SERVICE NETWORK BALL HITCH TRAILERS 6-32 GOOSE NECKS 0 1-800-348-7553 FOR LITERATURE PRICES DEALER & PLANT LOCATIONS SINCEUATU 1954 [1 LIS CARGO PO BOX 729-962ELKHART IN 46515-0729 mostly did looking upwind watching trees grass move New catalog Old Timer Model Supply out better ever Two dollars OTMS PO Box 7334 Van Nuys California 91409 copy Gene Hempel does custom engine work including chrome plating has special Cox 049-05 1 parts 301 North Yale Drive Garland TX 75042 Tel 214/272-5210 Dave Haught has plans rubber CO2 scale models early days aviation likely appeal Old-Timer fan has just sent printer new book Building SAY YOU SAW TIN MODEL AVIATION Kids will have over 20 plans ideas teaching youngsters model building book will $20 pp list plans can yours SASE Haught Graphics Rt 1 Box 978 Munising Michigan 49862 Plans rubber model towline glider kits old 1938-48 Best-by-Test Model Company can purchased designer Edward Schlosser PO Box 412 Ridgefield New Jersey 07657-1418 also has number items hardware interest rubber fliersthrust washers tension springs 14 inch machine-carved balsa propeller etc SASE should get catalog ctric Vacuum Bagging System Foam Core Wings $74 95* Complete Easy Use Add 55 SlVppIOg handlIng Colitorno resldenls odd 0 5% soles lox Dealer Inquiries Invited VISA Mastercard Accepted sheets will show copy old ad general arrangement drawings models Altimeter Stratometer have popular recently SAM small cabin stick events larger 44 span Enduro stick Sensatherm Cabin should become popular also light structurally simple welldesigned duration models FF Indoor/Tenny Continued page 112 compiled Tom Vallee must notify Continued page 160 5501 WCOMO SANTA ANA CALIFORNIA 92703 714 826-6861 GO FLYING WITH COMPLETE ROLLING HANGER LIKE THISI AIR WOLF EPOXY FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE S TAKES MOST 50-60 MECHANICS OTHER MODELS AVAILABLE LARRY JOLLY MODEL PRODUCTS $21000

ama call to action logo
Join Now

Model Aviation Live
Watch Now

Privacy policy   |   Terms of use

Model Aviation is a monthly publication for the Academy of Model Aeronautics.
© 1936-2025 Academy of Model Aeronautics. All rights reserved. 5161 E. Memorial Dr. Muncie IN 47302.   Tel: (800) 435-9262; Fax: (765) 289-4248

Park Pilot LogoAMA Logo