SEVERAL HEAT SHRINKABLE cover ings offered model aircraft products provide convenient way finish model avoiding laborious use silk silkspan-and-dope type cov ering has advantage least area goal article aid modeler making choices based recognizing strengths limitations type product products evaluated include current offerings well few no longer available latter included instructive purposes three types coverings represented materials tested oriented films fabrics nonwoven fabrics cases property results showed signifi cant variability expressed rang es rather averages some cases products tested contained both film fibers yielding product incorporating some features both types materials summary construction products weights shown Table 1 Supercoat examples can seen light opaque colors heavier transparent colors Additional pigment used order achieve opacity de sired customer physical properties products tested appear Table 2 physical prop erties fall ranges based upon con struction amount load-bearing material employed Normal variability due directional dependence caused processing machine vs crossmachine direction also reflected property ranges both films fabrics Tests performed using ASTM Ref 1 test procedures under controlled conditions Two polymers plastics polyethylene terephthalate PET polypropylene PP make up synthetic fibers plastic films products tested PET com monly known polyester has available years Oriented poly propylene PP OPP recent development polymers control upper temperature limit material 40 Model Aviation Top 5-25 built Bob Hucisbeck used paint over Silkspun simulate appearance metal finish Above Stearman PT-i 7 B Walburn used Permagloss Fabric simulate finish full-size Obviously texture appearance desired finish also help determine type covering use individual model application author original design Sail plane Lee chose lower-heat poly propylene PP type coverings see chart big balsa-sheeted foam core wing can handle lowest temperature shrinkage possible pol ymer determines temperature range material film fiber manufactur ing conditions control both degree shrinkage possible Ref 2 what tem perature occurs Properties Measured Significance Covering Weights Table 1 given ounces per 1000 sq area modeler can easily compute contribu tion covering model Breaking Strength Elongation Break Table 2 generally referred tensile properties material breaking strengths high reflect strength material ultimate tensile IN U -J z am z 0 ci z w x w V data may misleading Most ultimate cov ering failures occur material has stretched beyond ability air frame deform damage Modulus Table 2 measure GOLO9ERG ULTRACOTE DIMENSION 311111 muLOAS SCAN RATE2311 ding/mm SIG 3WIRAT 2333 I I ii I I II 241E THA TEMPERATURE C stiffness High modulus coverings may needed torsional bending resistance long thin wings flexible construction extensional force expressed PSI pounds per square inch 1 % extension often used indicator stiffness Ref Left lightweight covering high visibility makes Melissa Murrays Z-Meter ProaIgy casper ana better model fly Right Long thin wings such Jim Jileks Windfree need stiffness PET type coverings See Table 2 stiffness modulus ratings February 1988 41 LAeZUF7L& L 7A 7W 4&UUKEUIEEiauI4LUIILKis. mu mu 3 Since user has no control over thickness covering results re ported pounds resistance per inch width 1% extension Impact Strength shown Tear Strength Table 2 should some degree relate amount damage model sustains eith er during incidental contact ground field stubble something dropped covering Impact strength expressed energy joules absorbed spherical probe Ref 4 rapidly driven through covering high impact strength generally good Tear Resistance Table 2 relates well covering materials keep small nick becoming gaping hole Tear resis tance measured Elmendorf Notched Tear Test Ref 5 disadvantage oriented films tear easily Thermomechanical Analysis TMA used determine temperatures coverings begin shrink what tem perature higher levels shrinkage available what temperatures melt Ref 6 differences between PP PET oriented films accounts differences between products aging polyethylene terephthalate Stabilizers antioxidants often added polymers retard aging heat-related properties materi als tested appear Table 3 Coverings heat-seal coatings simply require user employ heat-sealing iron attach cov ering model Coverings heatseal coatings require application bonding agent airframe order effect photo-oxidative degradation hold covering model aging impor tant consideration performance coverings AMicaflIm comparison prop-Sllkspun erties fresh Sup er MonoKote withFabrikote hadPermagloss favoriteti model threeS Coverite years appears inIndy RC Film Table 2 BecauseCsupercoat lack otherBlack Baron comparisons no conclusions shouldUIIraCote reached about S tionokote ___________________________ _________________ coverings resistant0 200 300 aging Polyprop ylene expected sensitive Data COVERING COMPARISON TEMPERATURE 400500 * mated RANGES FOR COVERINGS Deg F Data COVERING COMPARISON Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 0 10 20 Data COVERING COMPARISON i Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Ilonokote 30 0 MAXIMUM SHRINKAGE % BY TMA 100 200 TEAR STRENGTH IN GRAMS Data COVERING DATA Data rrom COVERING COMPARISON MicaflIm ~wcwwzm Silkspun Fabrikote S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 01020304050 BREAKING STRENGTH Pounds/Inch MicaflIm Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss IndyRC Film S upercoat Black Baron iiitraCote S Monokote 0 23 ured Joules 456 IMPACT STRENGTH * 42 Model Aviation authors ASW-17 another models requiring additional stiffness cer tain coverings provide Without add ed strength strong winch launches can often kill models long thin wings like MAX SHRINK Tested ______________288 500 500 TEARMIN H 300 BRKSTRMIN BRKSTRMAX Regarding shrinkage properties Shrinkage Onset Temperature shown Table 3 temperature first signs shrinkage occur heating film hot air gun may detect shrinkage onset point cause film has reversibly expand ing application heat up point PET PP have similar shrinkage onset temperatures PP however will de velop useful shrinkage lower tempera tures will polyester becomes consideration stretch film over hatch block wing tip using hot air gun Ease application may pri mary advantage PP film PET capable same shrinkage requires heat An estimate temperature useful shrinkage begins given Table 3 under heading Temp 25% Shrink Actual TMA curves appear Fig ure 1 PP PET film typ ical oriented PET PP actual shape curves function manufacturing conditions total amount shrinkage indicated Table 3 less what would measured free shrinkage may occur higher temperature TMA test requires light load placed film two grams/Y8-inch sam ple width application heat heat-shrinkable coverings allows relaxation stretched polymer molecules causing shrinkage film taking up slack wrinkles bags undesirable effect application heat annealing Continued page 134 February 1988 43 Meres moaei wnose covering going need impact strength can get Re member though no covering can prevent structure underneath collapsing impact severe enough itll just make nice bag carry pieces home ml Ed Wilson launches Sagitta cross-country model Paul Carison during Great Race Cross-country models generally fare better tough abuse-resistant coverings Because lower tear resistance PET-type coverings such Terry Edmonds used 1986 Nats-wmnning models its good idea use Wind Sox protectors avoid rips model hangar Al Radio South Batteries 500 ma Pack 48V1100 Futaba COflfl1350 800 ma Pack 48V1950 Futaba COflfl2275 1200 ma Pack 48V2100 Futaba COflil2425 TX batt Futaba U-Series PCM2450 RADIO SOUTH -Th AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER Call Sam Leonard Tony Stiliman custom work competition needs stock complete hobby line specializing competition accessoriesall discounted prices ____Frequency Conversions Kraft$40 Futaba AM$30 u Futaba FM$40 ProLine/Ace$30 Featuring fast service byO repair $10 qualified people the______ de Change $35 iatest equipment including air Heli Sets SPECTRUM ANAL YZER Gyros Orders COD VISA MC Ship Charges Only Prices subject change notice OPEN 8-5 CST 904 478-6745 43 West Nine Mile Rd Pensacola FL 32514 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 43 effect polymer becomes brittle amount future shrinkage limit ed temperatures above temperature last reached Ref 7 reason modeler should use lower temperature set tings attaching covering shrinking film reserving higher tem perature settings difficult situations lower settings inadequate manufacturing process tempera tures reached must limited order avoid reducing shrinkage potential film modeler applies excessive heat thermoplastic covering turns sticky liquid hole results Knowing much heat required much can tolerated will prevent some frustration use sealing iron hot air gun Pocket Thermome ter Coverite can very helpful using device should consider will read little lower actual sur face temperature due unavoidable heat loss multiplying temperature read Pocket Thermometer 106 can determine actual temperature will take about 90 seconds obtain stable reading recommended temperature ranges provided Pocket Thermome ter appear too conservative case polyester films fabrics shrinkage needed recommend higher sealing iron temperature Top Flite sealing iron able induce film melt maximum setting Pocket Thermometer recommenda tions appear appropriate case poly propylene films Conclusions Oriented PET films offer good stiffness impact strength breaking strength lack tear resistance good reason using wing sox wings covered oriented films wing sox keep objects cutting scratching surface also reduce property degradation due light solar heating Oriented PP films offer shrinkage low temperatures light weight good im pact resistance breaking strength lack tear resistance significant degree Fabrics offer scalelike appearance higher resistance tearing compared orient ed films high impact breaking strength Although established film product has reputation aiding wing stiffness clear advantage over fabric-type covering materials seen Perhaps indication different method should used evaluation fabrics Gliders may benefit light turbula tion airflow over wings afforded fabric Turbulated airflow often desired wing order min imize effects flow separation wing surfaces low speeds sud den onset stall Micaflim nonwoven fiber covering offers low weight resistance tearing good modulus making good fit RC HandLaunched Gliders Free Flight models other models weight control pri mary concern Impact strength fea ture nonwoven fabrics test Silkspun has higher amount fibers such very resistant tearing Also metal-like scale appearance possible painted Silkspun aspect addressed time performance heat-seal coatings provided manufacturer Perhaps will basis future article summary modelers selection wing covering materials should take consideration following factors Scalelike appearance fabrics Ability apply paints Stiffness flutter wing bending resist ance Abuse resistance tear impact strength Weight reduction offered product type color selection Ease application offered products activate low temperatures Continued page 139 134 Model Aviation M Modelers choice v High Quality enient Size - Modest Price Jr Kwik Set Epoxy 5 oz $595 Gas dI Products 8773 Russet Dr Cincinnati OH 45239 dealer call 513-385-7386 order direct add $150 postage Fokker D-VII VK Model Aircraft PO Box 3007 Aurora 1160505 312-357-1883 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 134 Thanks Art Kramer Henry Haffle Coverite Lawrence King Carl Goldberg Models Inc Mike Gretz Sig Manufacturing Inc Scott Chris tensen Top Flite samples new products and/or assistance re viewing information Thanks also Bob Huelsbeck Valley Aero Model ers provided samples extensive collection scraps About author Lee Murray Senior Research Associate large midwestern film converter Lee active RC Soaring computers References Ref 1 ASTM abbreviation Amer ican Society Testing Materials organization industry representatives de voted test standardization Ref 2 Packagings Encyclopedia 1987 Newton Massachusetts Cahners Publish ing Co 1987 Cahners Publishing Co Newton MA 02158-1630 Ref 3 ASTM D882 801 Tensile Proper ties Thin Plastic Sheeting Ref 4 ASTM D256 35 Impact Resis tance Plastics Electrical Insulating Materials Test Spencer Impact Ref 5 ASTM D1424 32 Tear Resis tance Woven Fabrics Falling Pendu lum Elmendori Apparatus Ref 6 WP Brennan Thermomechanical Analysis Polyethylene FilmThermal Analysis Application Study 23 Elmer Corp Instrument Div Norwalk CT 06856 Ref 7 GW Urbanczyk G Michalak Influence Annealing Ther mal Properties Polyethylene Terephtha late Fibers Heat Capacity Annealed PET Fibers Journal Applied Poly Sci 3 RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 47 vided motor suitable given load Next data clearly shows modi fled motor requires less voltage cur rent turn prop given rpm means given number cells modified version will develop power said above does running higher rpmper-volt characteristic usually achieved reducing number turns armature pole OK So much mini motor lesson new Leisure catalog can yours sending stamped self-addressed business-size envelope Leisure 22971 Triton Way Unit B Laguna Hill CA 92653 just got new very colorful edition contains new addition Lei sure line kitsthe American Eaglet pretty Scale version 1931 classic lightplane looks like should very appealing growing number Electric modelers want fly Scale As write October 25 have seen kit advertising Perhaps will readily available time read Meanwhile can send catalog tell em Bob sent ya Caliphonce again Ive discussing plane off since July 87 column Over months Ive shared thoughts photos during time Ive accumulating very long flight log259 flights particular Ive accumulating flight expe rience large number power systems some listed October 87 issue Im now finally position offer complete list including geared-system examples So further delay heres table CALIPH DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS MOTOR CELLSMABPROPS Keller 25/1212 8009 x 5 TEW 9 x 6 TEW 9 x 6 TN Astro 15 cobalt12 8005 x 4 TEW 8 x 4 TEN 8 x 4 TN 7 x 6 TEN 9508x5TEW 10 9508x6TEw 8 x 6 TEN 9 950Sx6TFN 12005x6TFN Astro 15 Super Femte12 800as w/cobalt 10 950as w/cobslt Continued page 140 SPECIALISTS IN CUSTOM COX TEE DEE & REED ENGINES 020S 049S 051S & 09S ALL CUSTOM & STOCK PARTS VAILABLE INDIVIDUALLY MANY NEW PARTS FOR OLD DISCONTINUED COX ENGINES COX PROPS & GLOW HEADS COMPETITION ACCESSORIES & CUSTOMIZED K&B ENGINES ALS COMPLETE LINE OF RACING PARTS -- GLO-BEE FIREBALL & K&B PLUGS SOLID LINES RACING WHEELS QUICK FILLS ETC WE ALSO STOCK CARBON FIBER KLO1Z OIL LATEX & SILICONE FUEL TUBING PEN BLADDER MATERIALS & HARDTO-FIND HARDWARE ESPECIALLY 2-56 3-48 SIZES COILS CONDENSERS NGK PLUGS SILK 12 COLORS QUALITY DOPE BRUSHES 5W 7W LOOP RUBBER BANDS KSB SEELIG & IGMTION TIMERS GAS & DIESEL FUEL TUBING TRANSISTOR IGNON SYSTEMS RESISTOR HI-TENSION LEADS 1/2A TEXACO PLAYBOY SR KIT 1/2A TEXACO ENGINES PARTS EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR OLD TTAERINCLUDING REPLICA OR WICK ENGINES February 1988 139 WE STOCK ALL REV-UP PROPS OUR INVENTORY AVERAGES OVER 10000 PROPS! CALL FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT ON VISA OR MASTERCARD OLD TIMER SUPPLIES Zu NA SAVVS famous line hobby aawa Razor #200 Universal #500 RO SOARING DIGEST A monthly publication covering International RC Soaring Scene S l6lyearin USA US S2OIyr Canada& Mexico US $24/yr elsewhere via airmail RCSD PO Box 4079 Payson AZ 85547 Replacement Blades available dealer ~1Su1y P0 Box 3857 Torrance CA 90610 ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE 714 830-5162 SORRY NO CODJ VISA & MASTERCARD WELCOME DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED MINIMUM MERCHANDISE ORDER *1000 SHIPPING HANDLING FEE * 850 FOR INSURANCE ADD S 100 ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 24 HOURS CALIF RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX
Edition: Model Aviation - 1988/02
Page Numbers: 40, 41, 42, 43, 134, 139
SEVERAL HEAT SHRINKABLE cover ings offered model aircraft products provide convenient way finish model avoiding laborious use silk silkspan-and-dope type cov ering has advantage least area goal article aid modeler making choices based recognizing strengths limitations type product products evaluated include current offerings well few no longer available latter included instructive purposes three types coverings represented materials tested oriented films fabrics nonwoven fabrics cases property results showed signifi cant variability expressed rang es rather averages some cases products tested contained both film fibers yielding product incorporating some features both types materials summary construction products weights shown Table 1 Supercoat examples can seen light opaque colors heavier transparent colors Additional pigment used order achieve opacity de sired customer physical properties products tested appear Table 2 physical prop erties fall ranges based upon con struction amount load-bearing material employed Normal variability due directional dependence caused processing machine vs crossmachine direction also reflected property ranges both films fabrics Tests performed using ASTM Ref 1 test procedures under controlled conditions Two polymers plastics polyethylene terephthalate PET polypropylene PP make up synthetic fibers plastic films products tested PET com monly known polyester has available years Oriented poly propylene PP OPP recent development polymers control upper temperature limit material 40 Model Aviation Top 5-25 built Bob Hucisbeck used paint over Silkspun simulate appearance metal finish Above Stearman PT-i 7 B Walburn used Permagloss Fabric simulate finish full-size Obviously texture appearance desired finish also help determine type covering use individual model application author original design Sail plane Lee chose lower-heat poly propylene PP type coverings see chart big balsa-sheeted foam core wing can handle lowest temperature shrinkage possible pol ymer determines temperature range material film fiber manufactur ing conditions control both degree shrinkage possible Ref 2 what tem perature occurs Properties Measured Significance Covering Weights Table 1 given ounces per 1000 sq area modeler can easily compute contribu tion covering model Breaking Strength Elongation Break Table 2 generally referred tensile properties material breaking strengths high reflect strength material ultimate tensile IN U -J z am z 0 ci z w x w V data may misleading Most ultimate cov ering failures occur material has stretched beyond ability air frame deform damage Modulus Table 2 measure GOLO9ERG ULTRACOTE DIMENSION 311111 muLOAS SCAN RATE2311 ding/mm SIG 3WIRAT 2333 I I ii I I II 241E THA TEMPERATURE C stiffness High modulus coverings may needed torsional bending resistance long thin wings flexible construction extensional force expressed PSI pounds per square inch 1 % extension often used indicator stiffness Ref Left lightweight covering high visibility makes Melissa Murrays Z-Meter ProaIgy casper ana better model fly Right Long thin wings such Jim Jileks Windfree need stiffness PET type coverings See Table 2 stiffness modulus ratings February 1988 41 LAeZUF7L& L 7A 7W 4&UUKEUIEEiauI4LUIILKis. mu mu 3 Since user has no control over thickness covering results re ported pounds resistance per inch width 1% extension Impact Strength shown Tear Strength Table 2 should some degree relate amount damage model sustains eith er during incidental contact ground field stubble something dropped covering Impact strength expressed energy joules absorbed spherical probe Ref 4 rapidly driven through covering high impact strength generally good Tear Resistance Table 2 relates well covering materials keep small nick becoming gaping hole Tear resis tance measured Elmendorf Notched Tear Test Ref 5 disadvantage oriented films tear easily Thermomechanical Analysis TMA used determine temperatures coverings begin shrink what tem perature higher levels shrinkage available what temperatures melt Ref 6 differences between PP PET oriented films accounts differences between products aging polyethylene terephthalate Stabilizers antioxidants often added polymers retard aging heat-related properties materi als tested appear Table 3 Coverings heat-seal coatings simply require user employ heat-sealing iron attach cov ering model Coverings heatseal coatings require application bonding agent airframe order effect photo-oxidative degradation hold covering model aging impor tant consideration performance coverings AMicaflIm comparison prop-Sllkspun erties fresh Sup er MonoKote withFabrikote hadPermagloss favoriteti model threeS Coverite years appears inIndy RC Film Table 2 BecauseCsupercoat lack otherBlack Baron comparisons no conclusions shouldUIIraCote reached about S tionokote ___________________________ _________________ coverings resistant0 200 300 aging Polyprop ylene expected sensitive Data COVERING COMPARISON TEMPERATURE 400500 * mated RANGES FOR COVERINGS Deg F Data COVERING COMPARISON Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 0 10 20 Data COVERING COMPARISON i Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Ilonokote 30 0 MAXIMUM SHRINKAGE % BY TMA 100 200 TEAR STRENGTH IN GRAMS Data COVERING DATA Data rrom COVERING COMPARISON MicaflIm ~wcwwzm Silkspun Fabrikote S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 01020304050 BREAKING STRENGTH Pounds/Inch MicaflIm Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss IndyRC Film S upercoat Black Baron iiitraCote S Monokote 0 23 ured Joules 456 IMPACT STRENGTH * 42 Model Aviation authors ASW-17 another models requiring additional stiffness cer tain coverings provide Without add ed strength strong winch launches can often kill models long thin wings like MAX SHRINK Tested ______________288 500 500 TEARMIN H 300 BRKSTRMIN BRKSTRMAX Regarding shrinkage properties Shrinkage Onset Temperature shown Table 3 temperature first signs shrinkage occur heating film hot air gun may detect shrinkage onset point cause film has reversibly expand ing application heat up point PET PP have similar shrinkage onset temperatures PP however will de velop useful shrinkage lower tempera tures will polyester becomes consideration stretch film over hatch block wing tip using hot air gun Ease application may pri mary advantage PP film PET capable same shrinkage requires heat An estimate temperature useful shrinkage begins given Table 3 under heading Temp 25% Shrink Actual TMA curves appear Fig ure 1 PP PET film typ ical oriented PET PP actual shape curves function manufacturing conditions total amount shrinkage indicated Table 3 less what would measured free shrinkage may occur higher temperature TMA test requires light load placed film two grams/Y8-inch sam ple width application heat heat-shrinkable coverings allows relaxation stretched polymer molecules causing shrinkage film taking up slack wrinkles bags undesirable effect application heat annealing Continued page 134 February 1988 43 Meres moaei wnose covering going need impact strength can get Re member though no covering can prevent structure underneath collapsing impact severe enough itll just make nice bag carry pieces home ml Ed Wilson launches Sagitta cross-country model Paul Carison during Great Race Cross-country models generally fare better tough abuse-resistant coverings Because lower tear resistance PET-type coverings such Terry Edmonds used 1986 Nats-wmnning models its good idea use Wind Sox protectors avoid rips model hangar Al Radio South Batteries 500 ma Pack 48V1100 Futaba COflfl1350 800 ma Pack 48V1950 Futaba COflfl2275 1200 ma Pack 48V2100 Futaba COflil2425 TX batt Futaba U-Series PCM2450 RADIO SOUTH -Th AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER Call Sam Leonard Tony Stiliman custom work competition needs stock complete hobby line specializing competition accessoriesall discounted prices ____Frequency Conversions Kraft$40 Futaba AM$30 u Futaba FM$40 ProLine/Ace$30 Featuring fast service byO repair $10 qualified people the______ de Change $35 iatest equipment including air Heli Sets SPECTRUM ANAL YZER Gyros Orders COD VISA MC Ship Charges Only Prices subject change notice OPEN 8-5 CST 904 478-6745 43 West Nine Mile Rd Pensacola FL 32514 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 43 effect polymer becomes brittle amount future shrinkage limit ed temperatures above temperature last reached Ref 7 reason modeler should use lower temperature set tings attaching covering shrinking film reserving higher tem perature settings difficult situations lower settings inadequate manufacturing process tempera tures reached must limited order avoid reducing shrinkage potential film modeler applies excessive heat thermoplastic covering turns sticky liquid hole results Knowing much heat required much can tolerated will prevent some frustration use sealing iron hot air gun Pocket Thermome ter Coverite can very helpful using device should consider will read little lower actual sur face temperature due unavoidable heat loss multiplying temperature read Pocket Thermometer 106 can determine actual temperature will take about 90 seconds obtain stable reading recommended temperature ranges provided Pocket Thermome ter appear too conservative case polyester films fabrics shrinkage needed recommend higher sealing iron temperature Top Flite sealing iron able induce film melt maximum setting Pocket Thermometer recommenda tions appear appropriate case poly propylene films Conclusions Oriented PET films offer good stiffness impact strength breaking strength lack tear resistance good reason using wing sox wings covered oriented films wing sox keep objects cutting scratching surface also reduce property degradation due light solar heating Oriented PP films offer shrinkage low temperatures light weight good im pact resistance breaking strength lack tear resistance significant degree Fabrics offer scalelike appearance higher resistance tearing compared orient ed films high impact breaking strength Although established film product has reputation aiding wing stiffness clear advantage over fabric-type covering materials seen Perhaps indication different method should used evaluation fabrics Gliders may benefit light turbula tion airflow over wings afforded fabric Turbulated airflow often desired wing order min imize effects flow separation wing surfaces low speeds sud den onset stall Micaflim nonwoven fiber covering offers low weight resistance tearing good modulus making good fit RC HandLaunched Gliders Free Flight models other models weight control pri mary concern Impact strength fea ture nonwoven fabrics test Silkspun has higher amount fibers such very resistant tearing Also metal-like scale appearance possible painted Silkspun aspect addressed time performance heat-seal coatings provided manufacturer Perhaps will basis future article summary modelers selection wing covering materials should take consideration following factors Scalelike appearance fabrics Ability apply paints Stiffness flutter wing bending resist ance Abuse resistance tear impact strength Weight reduction offered product type color selection Ease application offered products activate low temperatures Continued page 139 134 Model Aviation M Modelers choice v High Quality enient Size - Modest Price Jr Kwik Set Epoxy 5 oz $595 Gas dI Products 8773 Russet Dr Cincinnati OH 45239 dealer call 513-385-7386 order direct add $150 postage Fokker D-VII VK Model Aircraft PO Box 3007 Aurora 1160505 312-357-1883 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 134 Thanks Art Kramer Henry Haffle Coverite Lawrence King Carl Goldberg Models Inc Mike Gretz Sig Manufacturing Inc Scott Chris tensen Top Flite samples new products and/or assistance re viewing information Thanks also Bob Huelsbeck Valley Aero Model ers provided samples extensive collection scraps About author Lee Murray Senior Research Associate large midwestern film converter Lee active RC Soaring computers References Ref 1 ASTM abbreviation Amer ican Society Testing Materials organization industry representatives de voted test standardization Ref 2 Packagings Encyclopedia 1987 Newton Massachusetts Cahners Publish ing Co 1987 Cahners Publishing Co Newton MA 02158-1630 Ref 3 ASTM D882 801 Tensile Proper ties Thin Plastic Sheeting Ref 4 ASTM D256 35 Impact Resis tance Plastics Electrical Insulating Materials Test Spencer Impact Ref 5 ASTM D1424 32 Tear Resis tance Woven Fabrics Falling Pendu lum Elmendori Apparatus Ref 6 WP Brennan Thermomechanical Analysis Polyethylene FilmThermal Analysis Application Study 23 Elmer Corp Instrument Div Norwalk CT 06856 Ref 7 GW Urbanczyk G Michalak Influence Annealing Ther mal Properties Polyethylene Terephtha late Fibers Heat Capacity Annealed PET Fibers Journal Applied Poly Sci 3 RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 47 vided motor suitable given load Next data clearly shows modi fled motor requires less voltage cur rent turn prop given rpm means given number cells modified version will develop power said above does running higher rpmper-volt characteristic usually achieved reducing number turns armature pole OK So much mini motor lesson new Leisure catalog can yours sending stamped self-addressed business-size envelope Leisure 22971 Triton Way Unit B Laguna Hill CA 92653 just got new very colorful edition contains new addition Lei sure line kitsthe American Eaglet pretty Scale version 1931 classic lightplane looks like should very appealing growing number Electric modelers want fly Scale As write October 25 have seen kit advertising Perhaps will readily available time read Meanwhile can send catalog tell em Bob sent ya Caliphonce again Ive discussing plane off since July 87 column Over months Ive shared thoughts photos during time Ive accumulating very long flight log259 flights particular Ive accumulating flight expe rience large number power systems some listed October 87 issue Im now finally position offer complete list including geared-system examples So further delay heres table CALIPH DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS MOTOR CELLSMABPROPS Keller 25/1212 8009 x 5 TEW 9 x 6 TEW 9 x 6 TN Astro 15 cobalt12 8005 x 4 TEW 8 x 4 TEN 8 x 4 TN 7 x 6 TEN 9508x5TEW 10 9508x6TEw 8 x 6 TEN 9 950Sx6TFN 12005x6TFN Astro 15 Super Femte12 800as w/cobalt 10 950as w/cobslt Continued page 140 SPECIALISTS IN CUSTOM COX TEE DEE & REED ENGINES 020S 049S 051S & 09S ALL CUSTOM & STOCK PARTS VAILABLE INDIVIDUALLY MANY NEW PARTS FOR OLD DISCONTINUED COX ENGINES COX PROPS & GLOW HEADS COMPETITION ACCESSORIES & CUSTOMIZED K&B ENGINES ALS COMPLETE LINE OF RACING PARTS -- GLO-BEE FIREBALL & K&B PLUGS SOLID LINES RACING WHEELS QUICK FILLS ETC WE ALSO STOCK CARBON FIBER KLO1Z OIL LATEX & SILICONE FUEL TUBING PEN BLADDER MATERIALS & HARDTO-FIND HARDWARE ESPECIALLY 2-56 3-48 SIZES COILS CONDENSERS NGK PLUGS SILK 12 COLORS QUALITY DOPE BRUSHES 5W 7W LOOP RUBBER BANDS KSB SEELIG & IGMTION TIMERS GAS & DIESEL FUEL TUBING TRANSISTOR IGNON SYSTEMS RESISTOR HI-TENSION LEADS 1/2A TEXACO PLAYBOY SR KIT 1/2A TEXACO ENGINES PARTS EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR OLD TTAERINCLUDING REPLICA OR WICK ENGINES February 1988 139 WE STOCK ALL REV-UP PROPS OUR INVENTORY AVERAGES OVER 10000 PROPS! CALL FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT ON VISA OR MASTERCARD OLD TIMER SUPPLIES Zu NA SAVVS famous line hobby aawa Razor #200 Universal #500 RO SOARING DIGEST A monthly publication covering International RC Soaring Scene S l6lyearin USA US S2OIyr Canada& Mexico US $24/yr elsewhere via airmail RCSD PO Box 4079 Payson AZ 85547 Replacement Blades available dealer ~1Su1y P0 Box 3857 Torrance CA 90610 ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE 714 830-5162 SORRY NO CODJ VISA & MASTERCARD WELCOME DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED MINIMUM MERCHANDISE ORDER *1000 SHIPPING HANDLING FEE * 850 FOR INSURANCE ADD S 100 ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 24 HOURS CALIF RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX
Edition: Model Aviation - 1988/02
Page Numbers: 40, 41, 42, 43, 134, 139
SEVERAL HEAT SHRINKABLE cover ings offered model aircraft products provide convenient way finish model avoiding laborious use silk silkspan-and-dope type cov ering has advantage least area goal article aid modeler making choices based recognizing strengths limitations type product products evaluated include current offerings well few no longer available latter included instructive purposes three types coverings represented materials tested oriented films fabrics nonwoven fabrics cases property results showed signifi cant variability expressed rang es rather averages some cases products tested contained both film fibers yielding product incorporating some features both types materials summary construction products weights shown Table 1 Supercoat examples can seen light opaque colors heavier transparent colors Additional pigment used order achieve opacity de sired customer physical properties products tested appear Table 2 physical prop erties fall ranges based upon con struction amount load-bearing material employed Normal variability due directional dependence caused processing machine vs crossmachine direction also reflected property ranges both films fabrics Tests performed using ASTM Ref 1 test procedures under controlled conditions Two polymers plastics polyethylene terephthalate PET polypropylene PP make up synthetic fibers plastic films products tested PET com monly known polyester has available years Oriented poly propylene PP OPP recent development polymers control upper temperature limit material 40 Model Aviation Top 5-25 built Bob Hucisbeck used paint over Silkspun simulate appearance metal finish Above Stearman PT-i 7 B Walburn used Permagloss Fabric simulate finish full-size Obviously texture appearance desired finish also help determine type covering use individual model application author original design Sail plane Lee chose lower-heat poly propylene PP type coverings see chart big balsa-sheeted foam core wing can handle lowest temperature shrinkage possible pol ymer determines temperature range material film fiber manufactur ing conditions control both degree shrinkage possible Ref 2 what tem perature occurs Properties Measured Significance Covering Weights Table 1 given ounces per 1000 sq area modeler can easily compute contribu tion covering model Breaking Strength Elongation Break Table 2 generally referred tensile properties material breaking strengths high reflect strength material ultimate tensile IN U -J z am z 0 ci z w x w V data may misleading Most ultimate cov ering failures occur material has stretched beyond ability air frame deform damage Modulus Table 2 measure GOLO9ERG ULTRACOTE DIMENSION 311111 muLOAS SCAN RATE2311 ding/mm SIG 3WIRAT 2333 I I ii I I II 241E THA TEMPERATURE C stiffness High modulus coverings may needed torsional bending resistance long thin wings flexible construction extensional force expressed PSI pounds per square inch 1 % extension often used indicator stiffness Ref Left lightweight covering high visibility makes Melissa Murrays Z-Meter ProaIgy casper ana better model fly Right Long thin wings such Jim Jileks Windfree need stiffness PET type coverings See Table 2 stiffness modulus ratings February 1988 41 LAeZUF7L& L 7A 7W 4&UUKEUIEEiauI4LUIILKis. mu mu 3 Since user has no control over thickness covering results re ported pounds resistance per inch width 1% extension Impact Strength shown Tear Strength Table 2 should some degree relate amount damage model sustains eith er during incidental contact ground field stubble something dropped covering Impact strength expressed energy joules absorbed spherical probe Ref 4 rapidly driven through covering high impact strength generally good Tear Resistance Table 2 relates well covering materials keep small nick becoming gaping hole Tear resis tance measured Elmendorf Notched Tear Test Ref 5 disadvantage oriented films tear easily Thermomechanical Analysis TMA used determine temperatures coverings begin shrink what tem perature higher levels shrinkage available what temperatures melt Ref 6 differences between PP PET oriented films accounts differences between products aging polyethylene terephthalate Stabilizers antioxidants often added polymers retard aging heat-related properties materi als tested appear Table 3 Coverings heat-seal coatings simply require user employ heat-sealing iron attach cov ering model Coverings heatseal coatings require application bonding agent airframe order effect photo-oxidative degradation hold covering model aging impor tant consideration performance coverings AMicaflIm comparison prop-Sllkspun erties fresh Sup er MonoKote withFabrikote hadPermagloss favoriteti model threeS Coverite years appears inIndy RC Film Table 2 BecauseCsupercoat lack otherBlack Baron comparisons no conclusions shouldUIIraCote reached about S tionokote ___________________________ _________________ coverings resistant0 200 300 aging Polyprop ylene expected sensitive Data COVERING COMPARISON TEMPERATURE 400500 * mated RANGES FOR COVERINGS Deg F Data COVERING COMPARISON Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 0 10 20 Data COVERING COMPARISON i Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Ilonokote 30 0 MAXIMUM SHRINKAGE % BY TMA 100 200 TEAR STRENGTH IN GRAMS Data COVERING DATA Data rrom COVERING COMPARISON MicaflIm ~wcwwzm Silkspun Fabrikote S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 01020304050 BREAKING STRENGTH Pounds/Inch MicaflIm Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss IndyRC Film S upercoat Black Baron iiitraCote S Monokote 0 23 ured Joules 456 IMPACT STRENGTH * 42 Model Aviation authors ASW-17 another models requiring additional stiffness cer tain coverings provide Without add ed strength strong winch launches can often kill models long thin wings like MAX SHRINK Tested ______________288 500 500 TEARMIN H 300 BRKSTRMIN BRKSTRMAX Regarding shrinkage properties Shrinkage Onset Temperature shown Table 3 temperature first signs shrinkage occur heating film hot air gun may detect shrinkage onset point cause film has reversibly expand ing application heat up point PET PP have similar shrinkage onset temperatures PP however will de velop useful shrinkage lower tempera tures will polyester becomes consideration stretch film over hatch block wing tip using hot air gun Ease application may pri mary advantage PP film PET capable same shrinkage requires heat An estimate temperature useful shrinkage begins given Table 3 under heading Temp 25% Shrink Actual TMA curves appear Fig ure 1 PP PET film typ ical oriented PET PP actual shape curves function manufacturing conditions total amount shrinkage indicated Table 3 less what would measured free shrinkage may occur higher temperature TMA test requires light load placed film two grams/Y8-inch sam ple width application heat heat-shrinkable coverings allows relaxation stretched polymer molecules causing shrinkage film taking up slack wrinkles bags undesirable effect application heat annealing Continued page 134 February 1988 43 Meres moaei wnose covering going need impact strength can get Re member though no covering can prevent structure underneath collapsing impact severe enough itll just make nice bag carry pieces home ml Ed Wilson launches Sagitta cross-country model Paul Carison during Great Race Cross-country models generally fare better tough abuse-resistant coverings Because lower tear resistance PET-type coverings such Terry Edmonds used 1986 Nats-wmnning models its good idea use Wind Sox protectors avoid rips model hangar Al Radio South Batteries 500 ma Pack 48V1100 Futaba COflfl1350 800 ma Pack 48V1950 Futaba COflfl2275 1200 ma Pack 48V2100 Futaba COflil2425 TX batt Futaba U-Series PCM2450 RADIO SOUTH -Th AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER Call Sam Leonard Tony Stiliman custom work competition needs stock complete hobby line specializing competition accessoriesall discounted prices ____Frequency Conversions Kraft$40 Futaba AM$30 u Futaba FM$40 ProLine/Ace$30 Featuring fast service byO repair $10 qualified people the______ de Change $35 iatest equipment including air Heli Sets SPECTRUM ANAL YZER Gyros Orders COD VISA MC Ship Charges Only Prices subject change notice OPEN 8-5 CST 904 478-6745 43 West Nine Mile Rd Pensacola FL 32514 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 43 effect polymer becomes brittle amount future shrinkage limit ed temperatures above temperature last reached Ref 7 reason modeler should use lower temperature set tings attaching covering shrinking film reserving higher tem perature settings difficult situations lower settings inadequate manufacturing process tempera tures reached must limited order avoid reducing shrinkage potential film modeler applies excessive heat thermoplastic covering turns sticky liquid hole results Knowing much heat required much can tolerated will prevent some frustration use sealing iron hot air gun Pocket Thermome ter Coverite can very helpful using device should consider will read little lower actual sur face temperature due unavoidable heat loss multiplying temperature read Pocket Thermometer 106 can determine actual temperature will take about 90 seconds obtain stable reading recommended temperature ranges provided Pocket Thermome ter appear too conservative case polyester films fabrics shrinkage needed recommend higher sealing iron temperature Top Flite sealing iron able induce film melt maximum setting Pocket Thermometer recommenda tions appear appropriate case poly propylene films Conclusions Oriented PET films offer good stiffness impact strength breaking strength lack tear resistance good reason using wing sox wings covered oriented films wing sox keep objects cutting scratching surface also reduce property degradation due light solar heating Oriented PP films offer shrinkage low temperatures light weight good im pact resistance breaking strength lack tear resistance significant degree Fabrics offer scalelike appearance higher resistance tearing compared orient ed films high impact breaking strength Although established film product has reputation aiding wing stiffness clear advantage over fabric-type covering materials seen Perhaps indication different method should used evaluation fabrics Gliders may benefit light turbula tion airflow over wings afforded fabric Turbulated airflow often desired wing order min imize effects flow separation wing surfaces low speeds sud den onset stall Micaflim nonwoven fiber covering offers low weight resistance tearing good modulus making good fit RC HandLaunched Gliders Free Flight models other models weight control pri mary concern Impact strength fea ture nonwoven fabrics test Silkspun has higher amount fibers such very resistant tearing Also metal-like scale appearance possible painted Silkspun aspect addressed time performance heat-seal coatings provided manufacturer Perhaps will basis future article summary modelers selection wing covering materials should take consideration following factors Scalelike appearance fabrics Ability apply paints Stiffness flutter wing bending resist ance Abuse resistance tear impact strength Weight reduction offered product type color selection Ease application offered products activate low temperatures Continued page 139 134 Model Aviation M Modelers choice v High Quality enient Size - Modest Price Jr Kwik Set Epoxy 5 oz $595 Gas dI Products 8773 Russet Dr Cincinnati OH 45239 dealer call 513-385-7386 order direct add $150 postage Fokker D-VII VK Model Aircraft PO Box 3007 Aurora 1160505 312-357-1883 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 134 Thanks Art Kramer Henry Haffle Coverite Lawrence King Carl Goldberg Models Inc Mike Gretz Sig Manufacturing Inc Scott Chris tensen Top Flite samples new products and/or assistance re viewing information Thanks also Bob Huelsbeck Valley Aero Model ers provided samples extensive collection scraps About author Lee Murray Senior Research Associate large midwestern film converter Lee active RC Soaring computers References Ref 1 ASTM abbreviation Amer ican Society Testing Materials organization industry representatives de voted test standardization Ref 2 Packagings Encyclopedia 1987 Newton Massachusetts Cahners Publish ing Co 1987 Cahners Publishing Co Newton MA 02158-1630 Ref 3 ASTM D882 801 Tensile Proper ties Thin Plastic Sheeting Ref 4 ASTM D256 35 Impact Resis tance Plastics Electrical Insulating Materials Test Spencer Impact Ref 5 ASTM D1424 32 Tear Resis tance Woven Fabrics Falling Pendu lum Elmendori Apparatus Ref 6 WP Brennan Thermomechanical Analysis Polyethylene FilmThermal Analysis Application Study 23 Elmer Corp Instrument Div Norwalk CT 06856 Ref 7 GW Urbanczyk G Michalak Influence Annealing Ther mal Properties Polyethylene Terephtha late Fibers Heat Capacity Annealed PET Fibers Journal Applied Poly Sci 3 RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 47 vided motor suitable given load Next data clearly shows modi fled motor requires less voltage cur rent turn prop given rpm means given number cells modified version will develop power said above does running higher rpmper-volt characteristic usually achieved reducing number turns armature pole OK So much mini motor lesson new Leisure catalog can yours sending stamped self-addressed business-size envelope Leisure 22971 Triton Way Unit B Laguna Hill CA 92653 just got new very colorful edition contains new addition Lei sure line kitsthe American Eaglet pretty Scale version 1931 classic lightplane looks like should very appealing growing number Electric modelers want fly Scale As write October 25 have seen kit advertising Perhaps will readily available time read Meanwhile can send catalog tell em Bob sent ya Caliphonce again Ive discussing plane off since July 87 column Over months Ive shared thoughts photos during time Ive accumulating very long flight log259 flights particular Ive accumulating flight expe rience large number power systems some listed October 87 issue Im now finally position offer complete list including geared-system examples So further delay heres table CALIPH DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS MOTOR CELLSMABPROPS Keller 25/1212 8009 x 5 TEW 9 x 6 TEW 9 x 6 TN Astro 15 cobalt12 8005 x 4 TEW 8 x 4 TEN 8 x 4 TN 7 x 6 TEN 9508x5TEW 10 9508x6TEw 8 x 6 TEN 9 950Sx6TFN 12005x6TFN Astro 15 Super Femte12 800as w/cobalt 10 950as w/cobslt Continued page 140 SPECIALISTS IN CUSTOM COX TEE DEE & REED ENGINES 020S 049S 051S & 09S ALL CUSTOM & STOCK PARTS VAILABLE INDIVIDUALLY MANY NEW PARTS FOR OLD DISCONTINUED COX ENGINES COX PROPS & GLOW HEADS COMPETITION ACCESSORIES & CUSTOMIZED K&B ENGINES ALS COMPLETE LINE OF RACING PARTS -- GLO-BEE FIREBALL & K&B PLUGS SOLID LINES RACING WHEELS QUICK FILLS ETC WE ALSO STOCK CARBON FIBER KLO1Z OIL LATEX & SILICONE FUEL TUBING PEN BLADDER MATERIALS & HARDTO-FIND HARDWARE ESPECIALLY 2-56 3-48 SIZES COILS CONDENSERS NGK PLUGS SILK 12 COLORS QUALITY DOPE BRUSHES 5W 7W LOOP RUBBER BANDS KSB SEELIG & IGMTION TIMERS GAS & DIESEL FUEL TUBING TRANSISTOR IGNON SYSTEMS RESISTOR HI-TENSION LEADS 1/2A TEXACO PLAYBOY SR KIT 1/2A TEXACO ENGINES PARTS EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR OLD TTAERINCLUDING REPLICA OR WICK ENGINES February 1988 139 WE STOCK ALL REV-UP PROPS OUR INVENTORY AVERAGES OVER 10000 PROPS! CALL FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT ON VISA OR MASTERCARD OLD TIMER SUPPLIES Zu NA SAVVS famous line hobby aawa Razor #200 Universal #500 RO SOARING DIGEST A monthly publication covering International RC Soaring Scene S l6lyearin USA US S2OIyr Canada& Mexico US $24/yr elsewhere via airmail RCSD PO Box 4079 Payson AZ 85547 Replacement Blades available dealer ~1Su1y P0 Box 3857 Torrance CA 90610 ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE 714 830-5162 SORRY NO CODJ VISA & MASTERCARD WELCOME DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED MINIMUM MERCHANDISE ORDER *1000 SHIPPING HANDLING FEE * 850 FOR INSURANCE ADD S 100 ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 24 HOURS CALIF RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX
Edition: Model Aviation - 1988/02
Page Numbers: 40, 41, 42, 43, 134, 139
SEVERAL HEAT SHRINKABLE cover ings offered model aircraft products provide convenient way finish model avoiding laborious use silk silkspan-and-dope type cov ering has advantage least area goal article aid modeler making choices based recognizing strengths limitations type product products evaluated include current offerings well few no longer available latter included instructive purposes three types coverings represented materials tested oriented films fabrics nonwoven fabrics cases property results showed signifi cant variability expressed rang es rather averages some cases products tested contained both film fibers yielding product incorporating some features both types materials summary construction products weights shown Table 1 Supercoat examples can seen light opaque colors heavier transparent colors Additional pigment used order achieve opacity de sired customer physical properties products tested appear Table 2 physical prop erties fall ranges based upon con struction amount load-bearing material employed Normal variability due directional dependence caused processing machine vs crossmachine direction also reflected property ranges both films fabrics Tests performed using ASTM Ref 1 test procedures under controlled conditions Two polymers plastics polyethylene terephthalate PET polypropylene PP make up synthetic fibers plastic films products tested PET com monly known polyester has available years Oriented poly propylene PP OPP recent development polymers control upper temperature limit material 40 Model Aviation Top 5-25 built Bob Hucisbeck used paint over Silkspun simulate appearance metal finish Above Stearman PT-i 7 B Walburn used Permagloss Fabric simulate finish full-size Obviously texture appearance desired finish also help determine type covering use individual model application author original design Sail plane Lee chose lower-heat poly propylene PP type coverings see chart big balsa-sheeted foam core wing can handle lowest temperature shrinkage possible pol ymer determines temperature range material film fiber manufactur ing conditions control both degree shrinkage possible Ref 2 what tem perature occurs Properties Measured Significance Covering Weights Table 1 given ounces per 1000 sq area modeler can easily compute contribu tion covering model Breaking Strength Elongation Break Table 2 generally referred tensile properties material breaking strengths high reflect strength material ultimate tensile IN U -J z am z 0 ci z w x w V data may misleading Most ultimate cov ering failures occur material has stretched beyond ability air frame deform damage Modulus Table 2 measure GOLO9ERG ULTRACOTE DIMENSION 311111 muLOAS SCAN RATE2311 ding/mm SIG 3WIRAT 2333 I I ii I I II 241E THA TEMPERATURE C stiffness High modulus coverings may needed torsional bending resistance long thin wings flexible construction extensional force expressed PSI pounds per square inch 1 % extension often used indicator stiffness Ref Left lightweight covering high visibility makes Melissa Murrays Z-Meter ProaIgy casper ana better model fly Right Long thin wings such Jim Jileks Windfree need stiffness PET type coverings See Table 2 stiffness modulus ratings February 1988 41 LAeZUF7L& L 7A 7W 4&UUKEUIEEiauI4LUIILKis. mu mu 3 Since user has no control over thickness covering results re ported pounds resistance per inch width 1% extension Impact Strength shown Tear Strength Table 2 should some degree relate amount damage model sustains eith er during incidental contact ground field stubble something dropped covering Impact strength expressed energy joules absorbed spherical probe Ref 4 rapidly driven through covering high impact strength generally good Tear Resistance Table 2 relates well covering materials keep small nick becoming gaping hole Tear resis tance measured Elmendorf Notched Tear Test Ref 5 disadvantage oriented films tear easily Thermomechanical Analysis TMA used determine temperatures coverings begin shrink what tem perature higher levels shrinkage available what temperatures melt Ref 6 differences between PP PET oriented films accounts differences between products aging polyethylene terephthalate Stabilizers antioxidants often added polymers retard aging heat-related properties materi als tested appear Table 3 Coverings heat-seal coatings simply require user employ heat-sealing iron attach cov ering model Coverings heatseal coatings require application bonding agent airframe order effect photo-oxidative degradation hold covering model aging impor tant consideration performance coverings AMicaflIm comparison prop-Sllkspun erties fresh Sup er MonoKote withFabrikote hadPermagloss favoriteti model threeS Coverite years appears inIndy RC Film Table 2 BecauseCsupercoat lack otherBlack Baron comparisons no conclusions shouldUIIraCote reached about S tionokote ___________________________ _________________ coverings resistant0 200 300 aging Polyprop ylene expected sensitive Data COVERING COMPARISON TEMPERATURE 400500 * mated RANGES FOR COVERINGS Deg F Data COVERING COMPARISON Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 0 10 20 Data COVERING COMPARISON i Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Ilonokote 30 0 MAXIMUM SHRINKAGE % BY TMA 100 200 TEAR STRENGTH IN GRAMS Data COVERING DATA Data rrom COVERING COMPARISON MicaflIm ~wcwwzm Silkspun Fabrikote S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 01020304050 BREAKING STRENGTH Pounds/Inch MicaflIm Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss IndyRC Film S upercoat Black Baron iiitraCote S Monokote 0 23 ured Joules 456 IMPACT STRENGTH * 42 Model Aviation authors ASW-17 another models requiring additional stiffness cer tain coverings provide Without add ed strength strong winch launches can often kill models long thin wings like MAX SHRINK Tested ______________288 500 500 TEARMIN H 300 BRKSTRMIN BRKSTRMAX Regarding shrinkage properties Shrinkage Onset Temperature shown Table 3 temperature first signs shrinkage occur heating film hot air gun may detect shrinkage onset point cause film has reversibly expand ing application heat up point PET PP have similar shrinkage onset temperatures PP however will de velop useful shrinkage lower tempera tures will polyester becomes consideration stretch film over hatch block wing tip using hot air gun Ease application may pri mary advantage PP film PET capable same shrinkage requires heat An estimate temperature useful shrinkage begins given Table 3 under heading Temp 25% Shrink Actual TMA curves appear Fig ure 1 PP PET film typ ical oriented PET PP actual shape curves function manufacturing conditions total amount shrinkage indicated Table 3 less what would measured free shrinkage may occur higher temperature TMA test requires light load placed film two grams/Y8-inch sam ple width application heat heat-shrinkable coverings allows relaxation stretched polymer molecules causing shrinkage film taking up slack wrinkles bags undesirable effect application heat annealing Continued page 134 February 1988 43 Meres moaei wnose covering going need impact strength can get Re member though no covering can prevent structure underneath collapsing impact severe enough itll just make nice bag carry pieces home ml Ed Wilson launches Sagitta cross-country model Paul Carison during Great Race Cross-country models generally fare better tough abuse-resistant coverings Because lower tear resistance PET-type coverings such Terry Edmonds used 1986 Nats-wmnning models its good idea use Wind Sox protectors avoid rips model hangar Al Radio South Batteries 500 ma Pack 48V1100 Futaba COflfl1350 800 ma Pack 48V1950 Futaba COflfl2275 1200 ma Pack 48V2100 Futaba COflil2425 TX batt Futaba U-Series PCM2450 RADIO SOUTH -Th AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER Call Sam Leonard Tony Stiliman custom work competition needs stock complete hobby line specializing competition accessoriesall discounted prices ____Frequency Conversions Kraft$40 Futaba AM$30 u Futaba FM$40 ProLine/Ace$30 Featuring fast service byO repair $10 qualified people the______ de Change $35 iatest equipment including air Heli Sets SPECTRUM ANAL YZER Gyros Orders COD VISA MC Ship Charges Only Prices subject change notice OPEN 8-5 CST 904 478-6745 43 West Nine Mile Rd Pensacola FL 32514 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 43 effect polymer becomes brittle amount future shrinkage limit ed temperatures above temperature last reached Ref 7 reason modeler should use lower temperature set tings attaching covering shrinking film reserving higher tem perature settings difficult situations lower settings inadequate manufacturing process tempera tures reached must limited order avoid reducing shrinkage potential film modeler applies excessive heat thermoplastic covering turns sticky liquid hole results Knowing much heat required much can tolerated will prevent some frustration use sealing iron hot air gun Pocket Thermome ter Coverite can very helpful using device should consider will read little lower actual sur face temperature due unavoidable heat loss multiplying temperature read Pocket Thermometer 106 can determine actual temperature will take about 90 seconds obtain stable reading recommended temperature ranges provided Pocket Thermome ter appear too conservative case polyester films fabrics shrinkage needed recommend higher sealing iron temperature Top Flite sealing iron able induce film melt maximum setting Pocket Thermometer recommenda tions appear appropriate case poly propylene films Conclusions Oriented PET films offer good stiffness impact strength breaking strength lack tear resistance good reason using wing sox wings covered oriented films wing sox keep objects cutting scratching surface also reduce property degradation due light solar heating Oriented PP films offer shrinkage low temperatures light weight good im pact resistance breaking strength lack tear resistance significant degree Fabrics offer scalelike appearance higher resistance tearing compared orient ed films high impact breaking strength Although established film product has reputation aiding wing stiffness clear advantage over fabric-type covering materials seen Perhaps indication different method should used evaluation fabrics Gliders may benefit light turbula tion airflow over wings afforded fabric Turbulated airflow often desired wing order min imize effects flow separation wing surfaces low speeds sud den onset stall Micaflim nonwoven fiber covering offers low weight resistance tearing good modulus making good fit RC HandLaunched Gliders Free Flight models other models weight control pri mary concern Impact strength fea ture nonwoven fabrics test Silkspun has higher amount fibers such very resistant tearing Also metal-like scale appearance possible painted Silkspun aspect addressed time performance heat-seal coatings provided manufacturer Perhaps will basis future article summary modelers selection wing covering materials should take consideration following factors Scalelike appearance fabrics Ability apply paints Stiffness flutter wing bending resist ance Abuse resistance tear impact strength Weight reduction offered product type color selection Ease application offered products activate low temperatures Continued page 139 134 Model Aviation M Modelers choice v High Quality enient Size - Modest Price Jr Kwik Set Epoxy 5 oz $595 Gas dI Products 8773 Russet Dr Cincinnati OH 45239 dealer call 513-385-7386 order direct add $150 postage Fokker D-VII VK Model Aircraft PO Box 3007 Aurora 1160505 312-357-1883 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 134 Thanks Art Kramer Henry Haffle Coverite Lawrence King Carl Goldberg Models Inc Mike Gretz Sig Manufacturing Inc Scott Chris tensen Top Flite samples new products and/or assistance re viewing information Thanks also Bob Huelsbeck Valley Aero Model ers provided samples extensive collection scraps About author Lee Murray Senior Research Associate large midwestern film converter Lee active RC Soaring computers References Ref 1 ASTM abbreviation Amer ican Society Testing Materials organization industry representatives de voted test standardization Ref 2 Packagings Encyclopedia 1987 Newton Massachusetts Cahners Publish ing Co 1987 Cahners Publishing Co Newton MA 02158-1630 Ref 3 ASTM D882 801 Tensile Proper ties Thin Plastic Sheeting Ref 4 ASTM D256 35 Impact Resis tance Plastics Electrical Insulating Materials Test Spencer Impact Ref 5 ASTM D1424 32 Tear Resis tance Woven Fabrics Falling Pendu lum Elmendori Apparatus Ref 6 WP Brennan Thermomechanical Analysis Polyethylene FilmThermal Analysis Application Study 23 Elmer Corp Instrument Div Norwalk CT 06856 Ref 7 GW Urbanczyk G Michalak Influence Annealing Ther mal Properties Polyethylene Terephtha late Fibers Heat Capacity Annealed PET Fibers Journal Applied Poly Sci 3 RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 47 vided motor suitable given load Next data clearly shows modi fled motor requires less voltage cur rent turn prop given rpm means given number cells modified version will develop power said above does running higher rpmper-volt characteristic usually achieved reducing number turns armature pole OK So much mini motor lesson new Leisure catalog can yours sending stamped self-addressed business-size envelope Leisure 22971 Triton Way Unit B Laguna Hill CA 92653 just got new very colorful edition contains new addition Lei sure line kitsthe American Eaglet pretty Scale version 1931 classic lightplane looks like should very appealing growing number Electric modelers want fly Scale As write October 25 have seen kit advertising Perhaps will readily available time read Meanwhile can send catalog tell em Bob sent ya Caliphonce again Ive discussing plane off since July 87 column Over months Ive shared thoughts photos during time Ive accumulating very long flight log259 flights particular Ive accumulating flight expe rience large number power systems some listed October 87 issue Im now finally position offer complete list including geared-system examples So further delay heres table CALIPH DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS MOTOR CELLSMABPROPS Keller 25/1212 8009 x 5 TEW 9 x 6 TEW 9 x 6 TN Astro 15 cobalt12 8005 x 4 TEW 8 x 4 TEN 8 x 4 TN 7 x 6 TEN 9508x5TEW 10 9508x6TEw 8 x 6 TEN 9 950Sx6TFN 12005x6TFN Astro 15 Super Femte12 800as w/cobalt 10 950as w/cobslt Continued page 140 SPECIALISTS IN CUSTOM COX TEE DEE & REED ENGINES 020S 049S 051S & 09S ALL CUSTOM & STOCK PARTS VAILABLE INDIVIDUALLY MANY NEW PARTS FOR OLD DISCONTINUED COX ENGINES COX PROPS & GLOW HEADS COMPETITION ACCESSORIES & CUSTOMIZED K&B ENGINES ALS COMPLETE LINE OF RACING PARTS -- GLO-BEE FIREBALL & K&B PLUGS SOLID LINES RACING WHEELS QUICK FILLS ETC WE ALSO STOCK CARBON FIBER KLO1Z OIL LATEX & SILICONE FUEL TUBING PEN BLADDER MATERIALS & HARDTO-FIND HARDWARE ESPECIALLY 2-56 3-48 SIZES COILS CONDENSERS NGK PLUGS SILK 12 COLORS QUALITY DOPE BRUSHES 5W 7W LOOP RUBBER BANDS KSB SEELIG & IGMTION TIMERS GAS & DIESEL FUEL TUBING TRANSISTOR IGNON SYSTEMS RESISTOR HI-TENSION LEADS 1/2A TEXACO PLAYBOY SR KIT 1/2A TEXACO ENGINES PARTS EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR OLD TTAERINCLUDING REPLICA OR WICK ENGINES February 1988 139 WE STOCK ALL REV-UP PROPS OUR INVENTORY AVERAGES OVER 10000 PROPS! CALL FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT ON VISA OR MASTERCARD OLD TIMER SUPPLIES Zu NA SAVVS famous line hobby aawa Razor #200 Universal #500 RO SOARING DIGEST A monthly publication covering International RC Soaring Scene S l6lyearin USA US S2OIyr Canada& Mexico US $24/yr elsewhere via airmail RCSD PO Box 4079 Payson AZ 85547 Replacement Blades available dealer ~1Su1y P0 Box 3857 Torrance CA 90610 ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE 714 830-5162 SORRY NO CODJ VISA & MASTERCARD WELCOME DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED MINIMUM MERCHANDISE ORDER *1000 SHIPPING HANDLING FEE * 850 FOR INSURANCE ADD S 100 ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 24 HOURS CALIF RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX
Edition: Model Aviation - 1988/02
Page Numbers: 40, 41, 42, 43, 134, 139
SEVERAL HEAT SHRINKABLE cover ings offered model aircraft products provide convenient way finish model avoiding laborious use silk silkspan-and-dope type cov ering has advantage least area goal article aid modeler making choices based recognizing strengths limitations type product products evaluated include current offerings well few no longer available latter included instructive purposes three types coverings represented materials tested oriented films fabrics nonwoven fabrics cases property results showed signifi cant variability expressed rang es rather averages some cases products tested contained both film fibers yielding product incorporating some features both types materials summary construction products weights shown Table 1 Supercoat examples can seen light opaque colors heavier transparent colors Additional pigment used order achieve opacity de sired customer physical properties products tested appear Table 2 physical prop erties fall ranges based upon con struction amount load-bearing material employed Normal variability due directional dependence caused processing machine vs crossmachine direction also reflected property ranges both films fabrics Tests performed using ASTM Ref 1 test procedures under controlled conditions Two polymers plastics polyethylene terephthalate PET polypropylene PP make up synthetic fibers plastic films products tested PET com monly known polyester has available years Oriented poly propylene PP OPP recent development polymers control upper temperature limit material 40 Model Aviation Top 5-25 built Bob Hucisbeck used paint over Silkspun simulate appearance metal finish Above Stearman PT-i 7 B Walburn used Permagloss Fabric simulate finish full-size Obviously texture appearance desired finish also help determine type covering use individual model application author original design Sail plane Lee chose lower-heat poly propylene PP type coverings see chart big balsa-sheeted foam core wing can handle lowest temperature shrinkage possible pol ymer determines temperature range material film fiber manufactur ing conditions control both degree shrinkage possible Ref 2 what tem perature occurs Properties Measured Significance Covering Weights Table 1 given ounces per 1000 sq area modeler can easily compute contribu tion covering model Breaking Strength Elongation Break Table 2 generally referred tensile properties material breaking strengths high reflect strength material ultimate tensile IN U -J z am z 0 ci z w x w V data may misleading Most ultimate cov ering failures occur material has stretched beyond ability air frame deform damage Modulus Table 2 measure GOLO9ERG ULTRACOTE DIMENSION 311111 muLOAS SCAN RATE2311 ding/mm SIG 3WIRAT 2333 I I ii I I II 241E THA TEMPERATURE C stiffness High modulus coverings may needed torsional bending resistance long thin wings flexible construction extensional force expressed PSI pounds per square inch 1 % extension often used indicator stiffness Ref Left lightweight covering high visibility makes Melissa Murrays Z-Meter ProaIgy casper ana better model fly Right Long thin wings such Jim Jileks Windfree need stiffness PET type coverings See Table 2 stiffness modulus ratings February 1988 41 LAeZUF7L& L 7A 7W 4&UUKEUIEEiauI4LUIILKis. mu mu 3 Since user has no control over thickness covering results re ported pounds resistance per inch width 1% extension Impact Strength shown Tear Strength Table 2 should some degree relate amount damage model sustains eith er during incidental contact ground field stubble something dropped covering Impact strength expressed energy joules absorbed spherical probe Ref 4 rapidly driven through covering high impact strength generally good Tear Resistance Table 2 relates well covering materials keep small nick becoming gaping hole Tear resis tance measured Elmendorf Notched Tear Test Ref 5 disadvantage oriented films tear easily Thermomechanical Analysis TMA used determine temperatures coverings begin shrink what tem perature higher levels shrinkage available what temperatures melt Ref 6 differences between PP PET oriented films accounts differences between products aging polyethylene terephthalate Stabilizers antioxidants often added polymers retard aging heat-related properties materi als tested appear Table 3 Coverings heat-seal coatings simply require user employ heat-sealing iron attach cov ering model Coverings heatseal coatings require application bonding agent airframe order effect photo-oxidative degradation hold covering model aging impor tant consideration performance coverings AMicaflIm comparison prop-Sllkspun erties fresh Sup er MonoKote withFabrikote hadPermagloss favoriteti model threeS Coverite years appears inIndy RC Film Table 2 BecauseCsupercoat lack otherBlack Baron comparisons no conclusions shouldUIIraCote reached about S tionokote ___________________________ _________________ coverings resistant0 200 300 aging Polyprop ylene expected sensitive Data COVERING COMPARISON TEMPERATURE 400500 * mated RANGES FOR COVERINGS Deg F Data COVERING COMPARISON Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 0 10 20 Data COVERING COMPARISON i Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Ilonokote 30 0 MAXIMUM SHRINKAGE % BY TMA 100 200 TEAR STRENGTH IN GRAMS Data COVERING DATA Data rrom COVERING COMPARISON MicaflIm ~wcwwzm Silkspun Fabrikote S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 01020304050 BREAKING STRENGTH Pounds/Inch MicaflIm Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss IndyRC Film S upercoat Black Baron iiitraCote S Monokote 0 23 ured Joules 456 IMPACT STRENGTH * 42 Model Aviation authors ASW-17 another models requiring additional stiffness cer tain coverings provide Without add ed strength strong winch launches can often kill models long thin wings like MAX SHRINK Tested ______________288 500 500 TEARMIN H 300 BRKSTRMIN BRKSTRMAX Regarding shrinkage properties Shrinkage Onset Temperature shown Table 3 temperature first signs shrinkage occur heating film hot air gun may detect shrinkage onset point cause film has reversibly expand ing application heat up point PET PP have similar shrinkage onset temperatures PP however will de velop useful shrinkage lower tempera tures will polyester becomes consideration stretch film over hatch block wing tip using hot air gun Ease application may pri mary advantage PP film PET capable same shrinkage requires heat An estimate temperature useful shrinkage begins given Table 3 under heading Temp 25% Shrink Actual TMA curves appear Fig ure 1 PP PET film typ ical oriented PET PP actual shape curves function manufacturing conditions total amount shrinkage indicated Table 3 less what would measured free shrinkage may occur higher temperature TMA test requires light load placed film two grams/Y8-inch sam ple width application heat heat-shrinkable coverings allows relaxation stretched polymer molecules causing shrinkage film taking up slack wrinkles bags undesirable effect application heat annealing Continued page 134 February 1988 43 Meres moaei wnose covering going need impact strength can get Re member though no covering can prevent structure underneath collapsing impact severe enough itll just make nice bag carry pieces home ml Ed Wilson launches Sagitta cross-country model Paul Carison during Great Race Cross-country models generally fare better tough abuse-resistant coverings Because lower tear resistance PET-type coverings such Terry Edmonds used 1986 Nats-wmnning models its good idea use Wind Sox protectors avoid rips model hangar Al Radio South Batteries 500 ma Pack 48V1100 Futaba COflfl1350 800 ma Pack 48V1950 Futaba COflfl2275 1200 ma Pack 48V2100 Futaba COflil2425 TX batt Futaba U-Series PCM2450 RADIO SOUTH -Th AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER Call Sam Leonard Tony Stiliman custom work competition needs stock complete hobby line specializing competition accessoriesall discounted prices ____Frequency Conversions Kraft$40 Futaba AM$30 u Futaba FM$40 ProLine/Ace$30 Featuring fast service byO repair $10 qualified people the______ de Change $35 iatest equipment including air Heli Sets SPECTRUM ANAL YZER Gyros Orders COD VISA MC Ship Charges Only Prices subject change notice OPEN 8-5 CST 904 478-6745 43 West Nine Mile Rd Pensacola FL 32514 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 43 effect polymer becomes brittle amount future shrinkage limit ed temperatures above temperature last reached Ref 7 reason modeler should use lower temperature set tings attaching covering shrinking film reserving higher tem perature settings difficult situations lower settings inadequate manufacturing process tempera tures reached must limited order avoid reducing shrinkage potential film modeler applies excessive heat thermoplastic covering turns sticky liquid hole results Knowing much heat required much can tolerated will prevent some frustration use sealing iron hot air gun Pocket Thermome ter Coverite can very helpful using device should consider will read little lower actual sur face temperature due unavoidable heat loss multiplying temperature read Pocket Thermometer 106 can determine actual temperature will take about 90 seconds obtain stable reading recommended temperature ranges provided Pocket Thermome ter appear too conservative case polyester films fabrics shrinkage needed recommend higher sealing iron temperature Top Flite sealing iron able induce film melt maximum setting Pocket Thermometer recommenda tions appear appropriate case poly propylene films Conclusions Oriented PET films offer good stiffness impact strength breaking strength lack tear resistance good reason using wing sox wings covered oriented films wing sox keep objects cutting scratching surface also reduce property degradation due light solar heating Oriented PP films offer shrinkage low temperatures light weight good im pact resistance breaking strength lack tear resistance significant degree Fabrics offer scalelike appearance higher resistance tearing compared orient ed films high impact breaking strength Although established film product has reputation aiding wing stiffness clear advantage over fabric-type covering materials seen Perhaps indication different method should used evaluation fabrics Gliders may benefit light turbula tion airflow over wings afforded fabric Turbulated airflow often desired wing order min imize effects flow separation wing surfaces low speeds sud den onset stall Micaflim nonwoven fiber covering offers low weight resistance tearing good modulus making good fit RC HandLaunched Gliders Free Flight models other models weight control pri mary concern Impact strength fea ture nonwoven fabrics test Silkspun has higher amount fibers such very resistant tearing Also metal-like scale appearance possible painted Silkspun aspect addressed time performance heat-seal coatings provided manufacturer Perhaps will basis future article summary modelers selection wing covering materials should take consideration following factors Scalelike appearance fabrics Ability apply paints Stiffness flutter wing bending resist ance Abuse resistance tear impact strength Weight reduction offered product type color selection Ease application offered products activate low temperatures Continued page 139 134 Model Aviation M Modelers choice v High Quality enient Size - Modest Price Jr Kwik Set Epoxy 5 oz $595 Gas dI Products 8773 Russet Dr Cincinnati OH 45239 dealer call 513-385-7386 order direct add $150 postage Fokker D-VII VK Model Aircraft PO Box 3007 Aurora 1160505 312-357-1883 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 134 Thanks Art Kramer Henry Haffle Coverite Lawrence King Carl Goldberg Models Inc Mike Gretz Sig Manufacturing Inc Scott Chris tensen Top Flite samples new products and/or assistance re viewing information Thanks also Bob Huelsbeck Valley Aero Model ers provided samples extensive collection scraps About author Lee Murray Senior Research Associate large midwestern film converter Lee active RC Soaring computers References Ref 1 ASTM abbreviation Amer ican Society Testing Materials organization industry representatives de voted test standardization Ref 2 Packagings Encyclopedia 1987 Newton Massachusetts Cahners Publish ing Co 1987 Cahners Publishing Co Newton MA 02158-1630 Ref 3 ASTM D882 801 Tensile Proper ties Thin Plastic Sheeting Ref 4 ASTM D256 35 Impact Resis tance Plastics Electrical Insulating Materials Test Spencer Impact Ref 5 ASTM D1424 32 Tear Resis tance Woven Fabrics Falling Pendu lum Elmendori Apparatus Ref 6 WP Brennan Thermomechanical Analysis Polyethylene FilmThermal Analysis Application Study 23 Elmer Corp Instrument Div Norwalk CT 06856 Ref 7 GW Urbanczyk G Michalak Influence Annealing Ther mal Properties Polyethylene Terephtha late Fibers Heat Capacity Annealed PET Fibers Journal Applied Poly Sci 3 RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 47 vided motor suitable given load Next data clearly shows modi fled motor requires less voltage cur rent turn prop given rpm means given number cells modified version will develop power said above does running higher rpmper-volt characteristic usually achieved reducing number turns armature pole OK So much mini motor lesson new Leisure catalog can yours sending stamped self-addressed business-size envelope Leisure 22971 Triton Way Unit B Laguna Hill CA 92653 just got new very colorful edition contains new addition Lei sure line kitsthe American Eaglet pretty Scale version 1931 classic lightplane looks like should very appealing growing number Electric modelers want fly Scale As write October 25 have seen kit advertising Perhaps will readily available time read Meanwhile can send catalog tell em Bob sent ya Caliphonce again Ive discussing plane off since July 87 column Over months Ive shared thoughts photos during time Ive accumulating very long flight log259 flights particular Ive accumulating flight expe rience large number power systems some listed October 87 issue Im now finally position offer complete list including geared-system examples So further delay heres table CALIPH DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS MOTOR CELLSMABPROPS Keller 25/1212 8009 x 5 TEW 9 x 6 TEW 9 x 6 TN Astro 15 cobalt12 8005 x 4 TEW 8 x 4 TEN 8 x 4 TN 7 x 6 TEN 9508x5TEW 10 9508x6TEw 8 x 6 TEN 9 950Sx6TFN 12005x6TFN Astro 15 Super Femte12 800as w/cobalt 10 950as w/cobslt Continued page 140 SPECIALISTS IN CUSTOM COX TEE DEE & REED ENGINES 020S 049S 051S & 09S ALL CUSTOM & STOCK PARTS VAILABLE INDIVIDUALLY MANY NEW PARTS FOR OLD DISCONTINUED COX ENGINES COX PROPS & GLOW HEADS COMPETITION ACCESSORIES & CUSTOMIZED K&B ENGINES ALS COMPLETE LINE OF RACING PARTS -- GLO-BEE FIREBALL & K&B PLUGS SOLID LINES RACING WHEELS QUICK FILLS ETC WE ALSO STOCK CARBON FIBER KLO1Z OIL LATEX & SILICONE FUEL TUBING PEN BLADDER MATERIALS & HARDTO-FIND HARDWARE ESPECIALLY 2-56 3-48 SIZES COILS CONDENSERS NGK PLUGS SILK 12 COLORS QUALITY DOPE BRUSHES 5W 7W LOOP RUBBER BANDS KSB SEELIG & IGMTION TIMERS GAS & DIESEL FUEL TUBING TRANSISTOR IGNON SYSTEMS RESISTOR HI-TENSION LEADS 1/2A TEXACO PLAYBOY SR KIT 1/2A TEXACO ENGINES PARTS EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR OLD TTAERINCLUDING REPLICA OR WICK ENGINES February 1988 139 WE STOCK ALL REV-UP PROPS OUR INVENTORY AVERAGES OVER 10000 PROPS! CALL FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT ON VISA OR MASTERCARD OLD TIMER SUPPLIES Zu NA SAVVS famous line hobby aawa Razor #200 Universal #500 RO SOARING DIGEST A monthly publication covering International RC Soaring Scene S l6lyearin USA US S2OIyr Canada& Mexico US $24/yr elsewhere via airmail RCSD PO Box 4079 Payson AZ 85547 Replacement Blades available dealer ~1Su1y P0 Box 3857 Torrance CA 90610 ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE 714 830-5162 SORRY NO CODJ VISA & MASTERCARD WELCOME DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED MINIMUM MERCHANDISE ORDER *1000 SHIPPING HANDLING FEE * 850 FOR INSURANCE ADD S 100 ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 24 HOURS CALIF RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX
Edition: Model Aviation - 1988/02
Page Numbers: 40, 41, 42, 43, 134, 139
SEVERAL HEAT SHRINKABLE cover ings offered model aircraft products provide convenient way finish model avoiding laborious use silk silkspan-and-dope type cov ering has advantage least area goal article aid modeler making choices based recognizing strengths limitations type product products evaluated include current offerings well few no longer available latter included instructive purposes three types coverings represented materials tested oriented films fabrics nonwoven fabrics cases property results showed signifi cant variability expressed rang es rather averages some cases products tested contained both film fibers yielding product incorporating some features both types materials summary construction products weights shown Table 1 Supercoat examples can seen light opaque colors heavier transparent colors Additional pigment used order achieve opacity de sired customer physical properties products tested appear Table 2 physical prop erties fall ranges based upon con struction amount load-bearing material employed Normal variability due directional dependence caused processing machine vs crossmachine direction also reflected property ranges both films fabrics Tests performed using ASTM Ref 1 test procedures under controlled conditions Two polymers plastics polyethylene terephthalate PET polypropylene PP make up synthetic fibers plastic films products tested PET com monly known polyester has available years Oriented poly propylene PP OPP recent development polymers control upper temperature limit material 40 Model Aviation Top 5-25 built Bob Hucisbeck used paint over Silkspun simulate appearance metal finish Above Stearman PT-i 7 B Walburn used Permagloss Fabric simulate finish full-size Obviously texture appearance desired finish also help determine type covering use individual model application author original design Sail plane Lee chose lower-heat poly propylene PP type coverings see chart big balsa-sheeted foam core wing can handle lowest temperature shrinkage possible pol ymer determines temperature range material film fiber manufactur ing conditions control both degree shrinkage possible Ref 2 what tem perature occurs Properties Measured Significance Covering Weights Table 1 given ounces per 1000 sq area modeler can easily compute contribu tion covering model Breaking Strength Elongation Break Table 2 generally referred tensile properties material breaking strengths high reflect strength material ultimate tensile IN U -J z am z 0 ci z w x w V data may misleading Most ultimate cov ering failures occur material has stretched beyond ability air frame deform damage Modulus Table 2 measure GOLO9ERG ULTRACOTE DIMENSION 311111 muLOAS SCAN RATE2311 ding/mm SIG 3WIRAT 2333 I I ii I I II 241E THA TEMPERATURE C stiffness High modulus coverings may needed torsional bending resistance long thin wings flexible construction extensional force expressed PSI pounds per square inch 1 % extension often used indicator stiffness Ref Left lightweight covering high visibility makes Melissa Murrays Z-Meter ProaIgy casper ana better model fly Right Long thin wings such Jim Jileks Windfree need stiffness PET type coverings See Table 2 stiffness modulus ratings February 1988 41 LAeZUF7L& L 7A 7W 4&UUKEUIEEiauI4LUIILKis. mu mu 3 Since user has no control over thickness covering results re ported pounds resistance per inch width 1% extension Impact Strength shown Tear Strength Table 2 should some degree relate amount damage model sustains eith er during incidental contact ground field stubble something dropped covering Impact strength expressed energy joules absorbed spherical probe Ref 4 rapidly driven through covering high impact strength generally good Tear Resistance Table 2 relates well covering materials keep small nick becoming gaping hole Tear resis tance measured Elmendorf Notched Tear Test Ref 5 disadvantage oriented films tear easily Thermomechanical Analysis TMA used determine temperatures coverings begin shrink what tem perature higher levels shrinkage available what temperatures melt Ref 6 differences between PP PET oriented films accounts differences between products aging polyethylene terephthalate Stabilizers antioxidants often added polymers retard aging heat-related properties materi als tested appear Table 3 Coverings heat-seal coatings simply require user employ heat-sealing iron attach cov ering model Coverings heatseal coatings require application bonding agent airframe order effect photo-oxidative degradation hold covering model aging impor tant consideration performance coverings AMicaflIm comparison prop-Sllkspun erties fresh Sup er MonoKote withFabrikote hadPermagloss favoriteti model threeS Coverite years appears inIndy RC Film Table 2 BecauseCsupercoat lack otherBlack Baron comparisons no conclusions shouldUIIraCote reached about S tionokote ___________________________ _________________ coverings resistant0 200 300 aging Polyprop ylene expected sensitive Data COVERING COMPARISON TEMPERATURE 400500 * mated RANGES FOR COVERINGS Deg F Data COVERING COMPARISON Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 0 10 20 Data COVERING COMPARISON i Micaflim Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Ilonokote 30 0 MAXIMUM SHRINKAGE % BY TMA 100 200 TEAR STRENGTH IN GRAMS Data COVERING DATA Data rrom COVERING COMPARISON MicaflIm ~wcwwzm Silkspun Fabrikote S Coverite Indy RC Film Supercoat Black Baron UltraCote S Monokote 01020304050 BREAKING STRENGTH Pounds/Inch MicaflIm Silkspun Fabrikote Permagloss IndyRC Film S upercoat Black Baron iiitraCote S Monokote 0 23 ured Joules 456 IMPACT STRENGTH * 42 Model Aviation authors ASW-17 another models requiring additional stiffness cer tain coverings provide Without add ed strength strong winch launches can often kill models long thin wings like MAX SHRINK Tested ______________288 500 500 TEARMIN H 300 BRKSTRMIN BRKSTRMAX Regarding shrinkage properties Shrinkage Onset Temperature shown Table 3 temperature first signs shrinkage occur heating film hot air gun may detect shrinkage onset point cause film has reversibly expand ing application heat up point PET PP have similar shrinkage onset temperatures PP however will de velop useful shrinkage lower tempera tures will polyester becomes consideration stretch film over hatch block wing tip using hot air gun Ease application may pri mary advantage PP film PET capable same shrinkage requires heat An estimate temperature useful shrinkage begins given Table 3 under heading Temp 25% Shrink Actual TMA curves appear Fig ure 1 PP PET film typ ical oriented PET PP actual shape curves function manufacturing conditions total amount shrinkage indicated Table 3 less what would measured free shrinkage may occur higher temperature TMA test requires light load placed film two grams/Y8-inch sam ple width application heat heat-shrinkable coverings allows relaxation stretched polymer molecules causing shrinkage film taking up slack wrinkles bags undesirable effect application heat annealing Continued page 134 February 1988 43 Meres moaei wnose covering going need impact strength can get Re member though no covering can prevent structure underneath collapsing impact severe enough itll just make nice bag carry pieces home ml Ed Wilson launches Sagitta cross-country model Paul Carison during Great Race Cross-country models generally fare better tough abuse-resistant coverings Because lower tear resistance PET-type coverings such Terry Edmonds used 1986 Nats-wmnning models its good idea use Wind Sox protectors avoid rips model hangar Al Radio South Batteries 500 ma Pack 48V1100 Futaba COflfl1350 800 ma Pack 48V1950 Futaba COflfl2275 1200 ma Pack 48V2100 Futaba COflil2425 TX batt Futaba U-Series PCM2450 RADIO SOUTH -Th AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER Call Sam Leonard Tony Stiliman custom work competition needs stock complete hobby line specializing competition accessoriesall discounted prices ____Frequency Conversions Kraft$40 Futaba AM$30 u Futaba FM$40 ProLine/Ace$30 Featuring fast service byO repair $10 qualified people the______ de Change $35 iatest equipment including air Heli Sets SPECTRUM ANAL YZER Gyros Orders COD VISA MC Ship Charges Only Prices subject change notice OPEN 8-5 CST 904 478-6745 43 West Nine Mile Rd Pensacola FL 32514 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 43 effect polymer becomes brittle amount future shrinkage limit ed temperatures above temperature last reached Ref 7 reason modeler should use lower temperature set tings attaching covering shrinking film reserving higher tem perature settings difficult situations lower settings inadequate manufacturing process tempera tures reached must limited order avoid reducing shrinkage potential film modeler applies excessive heat thermoplastic covering turns sticky liquid hole results Knowing much heat required much can tolerated will prevent some frustration use sealing iron hot air gun Pocket Thermome ter Coverite can very helpful using device should consider will read little lower actual sur face temperature due unavoidable heat loss multiplying temperature read Pocket Thermometer 106 can determine actual temperature will take about 90 seconds obtain stable reading recommended temperature ranges provided Pocket Thermome ter appear too conservative case polyester films fabrics shrinkage needed recommend higher sealing iron temperature Top Flite sealing iron able induce film melt maximum setting Pocket Thermometer recommenda tions appear appropriate case poly propylene films Conclusions Oriented PET films offer good stiffness impact strength breaking strength lack tear resistance good reason using wing sox wings covered oriented films wing sox keep objects cutting scratching surface also reduce property degradation due light solar heating Oriented PP films offer shrinkage low temperatures light weight good im pact resistance breaking strength lack tear resistance significant degree Fabrics offer scalelike appearance higher resistance tearing compared orient ed films high impact breaking strength Although established film product has reputation aiding wing stiffness clear advantage over fabric-type covering materials seen Perhaps indication different method should used evaluation fabrics Gliders may benefit light turbula tion airflow over wings afforded fabric Turbulated airflow often desired wing order min imize effects flow separation wing surfaces low speeds sud den onset stall Micaflim nonwoven fiber covering offers low weight resistance tearing good modulus making good fit RC HandLaunched Gliders Free Flight models other models weight control pri mary concern Impact strength fea ture nonwoven fabrics test Silkspun has higher amount fibers such very resistant tearing Also metal-like scale appearance possible painted Silkspun aspect addressed time performance heat-seal coatings provided manufacturer Perhaps will basis future article summary modelers selection wing covering materials should take consideration following factors Scalelike appearance fabrics Ability apply paints Stiffness flutter wing bending resist ance Abuse resistance tear impact strength Weight reduction offered product type color selection Ease application offered products activate low temperatures Continued page 139 134 Model Aviation M Modelers choice v High Quality enient Size - Modest Price Jr Kwik Set Epoxy 5 oz $595 Gas dI Products 8773 Russet Dr Cincinnati OH 45239 dealer call 513-385-7386 order direct add $150 postage Fokker D-VII VK Model Aircraft PO Box 3007 Aurora 1160505 312-357-1883 Heat-Shrink/Murray Continued page 134 Thanks Art Kramer Henry Haffle Coverite Lawrence King Carl Goldberg Models Inc Mike Gretz Sig Manufacturing Inc Scott Chris tensen Top Flite samples new products and/or assistance re viewing information Thanks also Bob Huelsbeck Valley Aero Model ers provided samples extensive collection scraps About author Lee Murray Senior Research Associate large midwestern film converter Lee active RC Soaring computers References Ref 1 ASTM abbreviation Amer ican Society Testing Materials organization industry representatives de voted test standardization Ref 2 Packagings Encyclopedia 1987 Newton Massachusetts Cahners Publish ing Co 1987 Cahners Publishing Co Newton MA 02158-1630 Ref 3 ASTM D882 801 Tensile Proper ties Thin Plastic Sheeting Ref 4 ASTM D256 35 Impact Resis tance Plastics Electrical Insulating Materials Test Spencer Impact Ref 5 ASTM D1424 32 Tear Resis tance Woven Fabrics Falling Pendu lum Elmendori Apparatus Ref 6 WP Brennan Thermomechanical Analysis Polyethylene FilmThermal Analysis Application Study 23 Elmer Corp Instrument Div Norwalk CT 06856 Ref 7 GW Urbanczyk G Michalak Influence Annealing Ther mal Properties Polyethylene Terephtha late Fibers Heat Capacity Annealed PET Fibers Journal Applied Poly Sci 3 RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 47 vided motor suitable given load Next data clearly shows modi fled motor requires less voltage cur rent turn prop given rpm means given number cells modified version will develop power said above does running higher rpmper-volt characteristic usually achieved reducing number turns armature pole OK So much mini motor lesson new Leisure catalog can yours sending stamped self-addressed business-size envelope Leisure 22971 Triton Way Unit B Laguna Hill CA 92653 just got new very colorful edition contains new addition Lei sure line kitsthe American Eaglet pretty Scale version 1931 classic lightplane looks like should very appealing growing number Electric modelers want fly Scale As write October 25 have seen kit advertising Perhaps will readily available time read Meanwhile can send catalog tell em Bob sent ya Caliphonce again Ive discussing plane off since July 87 column Over months Ive shared thoughts photos during time Ive accumulating very long flight log259 flights particular Ive accumulating flight expe rience large number power systems some listed October 87 issue Im now finally position offer complete list including geared-system examples So further delay heres table CALIPH DIRECT-DRIVE SYSTEMS MOTOR CELLSMABPROPS Keller 25/1212 8009 x 5 TEW 9 x 6 TEW 9 x 6 TN Astro 15 cobalt12 8005 x 4 TEW 8 x 4 TEN 8 x 4 TN 7 x 6 TEN 9508x5TEW 10 9508x6TEw 8 x 6 TEN 9 950Sx6TFN 12005x6TFN Astro 15 Super Femte12 800as w/cobalt 10 950as w/cobslt Continued page 140 SPECIALISTS IN CUSTOM COX TEE DEE & REED ENGINES 020S 049S 051S & 09S ALL CUSTOM & STOCK PARTS VAILABLE INDIVIDUALLY MANY NEW PARTS FOR OLD DISCONTINUED COX ENGINES COX PROPS & GLOW HEADS COMPETITION ACCESSORIES & CUSTOMIZED K&B ENGINES ALS COMPLETE LINE OF RACING PARTS -- GLO-BEE FIREBALL & K&B PLUGS SOLID LINES RACING WHEELS QUICK FILLS ETC WE ALSO STOCK CARBON FIBER KLO1Z OIL LATEX & SILICONE FUEL TUBING PEN BLADDER MATERIALS & HARDTO-FIND HARDWARE ESPECIALLY 2-56 3-48 SIZES COILS CONDENSERS NGK PLUGS SILK 12 COLORS QUALITY DOPE BRUSHES 5W 7W LOOP RUBBER BANDS KSB SEELIG & IGMTION TIMERS GAS & DIESEL FUEL TUBING TRANSISTOR IGNON SYSTEMS RESISTOR HI-TENSION LEADS 1/2A TEXACO PLAYBOY SR KIT 1/2A TEXACO ENGINES PARTS EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR OLD TTAERINCLUDING REPLICA OR WICK ENGINES February 1988 139 WE STOCK ALL REV-UP PROPS OUR INVENTORY AVERAGES OVER 10000 PROPS! CALL FOR IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT ON VISA OR MASTERCARD OLD TIMER SUPPLIES Zu NA SAVVS famous line hobby aawa Razor #200 Universal #500 RO SOARING DIGEST A monthly publication covering International RC Soaring Scene S l6lyearin USA US S2OIyr Canada& Mexico US $24/yr elsewhere via airmail RCSD PO Box 4079 Payson AZ 85547 Replacement Blades available dealer ~1Su1y P0 Box 3857 Torrance CA 90610 ORDER BY MAIL OR PHONE 714 830-5162 SORRY NO CODJ VISA & MASTERCARD WELCOME DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED MINIMUM MERCHANDISE ORDER *1000 SHIPPING HANDLING FEE * 850 FOR INSURANCE ADD S 100 ORDERS SHIPPED WITHIN 24 HOURS CALIF RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX