Ni-Cd batteries deteriorate age reliable way determine capacity milliampere hours old battery time standard dischargea tedious time-consuming process potential battery damage authors device makes safe simple task transmitter receiver other Ni-Cd batteriesE Frank Kelly problems flying dead batteries rainy Saturday decided make bat tery tester voltmeter alone tells little about state charge nothing about battery capacity milliampere hours will identify battery ON WEEKEND OUTING last year taxied plane back pits after flight friend said Look meter meter transmitter read zero parked pressed battery test button well red region have enough g Trmnamitter Cennecto,... Receiver Connector LED ch Single-Cell Connecter Charge iorn neceiver Buttery battery evaluator makes easy determine capacity transmitter receiver batteries Just plug through charging cord Alarm beeps LED lights clock stops battery under test discharged happens need constant monitoring approaching end its discharge curve however traditional method testing Ni-Cd battery place fully charged battery constant current constant re sistance discharge Measure voltage suitable intervals 10 minutes plot discharge curve See Figure 1 Worry wrinkles Frank Kellys brow might because hes pressing battery test button switch ON meter reads zero Kent Montgomery photo 84 Model Aviation Fig 1 Typical Ni-Cd battery voltage profile discharge C rated capacity mAh cells perfectly matched will cell weaker others cell will discharge first discharges zero volts other cells still have charge reverse voltage will appear across weak cell active cells provide source load weak cell become sink potentially dangerous situation because hydrogen gas will liberated within cell allowed persist will build up pressure activate resealable vent also will induce permanent irreversible damage cell can observed loss capacity Returning Figure 1 450 mAh battery discharged constant rate 450 mA discharges 1 V per cell less hour 450 mA referred C Capacity Ni-Cd batteries usually rated five-hour rate 05 V battery discharged constant current 90 mA 450 mAhI5 hr will have ter minal voltage excess 05 V five hours* procedure reasonable research exercise battery manufacturer minimal resources simple thing average flier timeconsuming places battery risk under test looked quartz analog alarm clock wife purchased under Continued page 176 *My transistor draws t50 mA flight system draws 40 mA servo motion about 100 mA servo motors motion flight three hours should possible transmitter receiver should hold up 65 hours 20% duty cycle servos electronics fit inside clock case just barely IC two transistors 9V battery plus some resistors connectors required after youve turned battery evaluator clock still works its original normal fashion 415 V R S CELLSI I&6w 4 CELLS~ CELL 0j3w H 2200 14 12 w C -J 0 -J -J w 0 10 08 06 1I 1 hrt5 hr 0402 0 TIME 0 Discharge Resistors 5t IC Socket rm Components ~ Transistor t -EPai Wiring Schematic Battery Evaluator 71 LI4l1~l 1111/4324 4700 2200 1k \AvN \A4PN 1k Clock flattery Inhibit Transistor attery 49 V 43 1W 0 ALARM 1k-4-O INHIBIT { Semco Ni-Cd/Kelly Continued page 85 $1000 last year drug store guessed might room inside case add some electronics found two interesting features removed back 1 button intended stop move ment second hand could synchro mzed pad pc board shorted positive battery terminal move ment inhibited 2 Another pad labeled E caused alarm beep shorted negative battery terminal looked like room some modifications sketched out circuit simple resistive load provided dis charge transmitter receiver battery through normal charging cords provides satisfactory load about 300 mA also serves divide battery voltage down equivalent single cell 15 V clock battery also divided down provide 15 V reference two signals fed IC op amp operational ampli fier used comparator battery voltage drops below 1 V output goes high raises refer ence voltage through diode resulting clean toggle action turns NPN transistor sounds alarm didnt want risk zapping 15 V clock circuit 9 V output op amp provided separate transistors interface clock op amp output also lights pitts ir Similar PiUs muffler smaller outside dimensions muffler fits neatly inside cowl has two angle exhaust tubes maximum scale effect PiUs Jr fits smaller airplanes like Sigs Skybolt others Pressure fitting mounting hardware standard Available three sizes Send SASE exact dimensions 125 Manor Avenue Oeklyn NJ 08107 215 457-3120 LED starts charging capacitor through 1 Mfl resistor Four seconds later after eight beeps second op amp senses its input voltage higher its 15 V reference its out put goes low turns PNP tran sistor causes clock stop cluding alarm LED remains until battery under test removed switch turned off forgot set alarm started one-cell jack convenient test point monitoring normalized voltage can used external resistors other batteries cheat little get everything available space though found neces sary remove 9 V battery its can theres shrink sleeve inside over con tents ends readily solderable 6 V camera battery could have sub stituted eliminate little problem mounted parts wherever seemed fit conveniently glued place drops gap-filling cyanoacrylate adhesive still looks neat outside though still serves its original purpose alarm clock Parts List 1 Copal Quartz Alarm Clock 1 324 Quad Op Amp 1 14-pin DIP Socket 2 Charge lacks 1 35mm Phono lack 1 PNP Transistor PNP will eg RADIO EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE lox 561 Dept mA P1 Forest IL 60466 LIST YOUR USED RAIDO EQUIPMENT FOR SALE No fee listing ow available Send SASE details USED RADIO EQUIPMENT WE NAVE LISTINGS OF USED RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR SALE Minimum fees ows available Send SASE details RADIO EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE lox 561 Dept 11* P1 Forest IL 60466 2N3702 1 NPN Transistor NPN will eg 2N3704 2 Diodes silicon diode will 1 Light Emitting Diode 1 10 uF Capacitor 10 DCWV 1 16f1 2 W Resistor 1 13fl 2 W Resistor 1 43 W Resistor 1 4300fl 01 W Resistor 2 2200fl 01 W Resistor 3 1 kfl 01 W Resistor 1 lMflOlWResistor 1 DPDT Slide Switch 1 Radio Shack Red Label 9 V Battery Willit/Pastor Continued naoe 88 aileron stock also included kit Assemble foam wing 5-mm ep oxy using white glue attach spar trailing edge stock dry trim trail ing edge stock flush wing panels Place wing fuselage sure properly aligned hold place rubberbands Insert A-in drill through hole F2 turning fingers drill hole foam wing Cut piece Vs-in dowel make sure wing will fit hole F2 now time find out after mix epoxy Once fits epoxy dowel foam wing epoxy hardening hold wing P K PRODUCTS Specializing QuadralZenoah Sales Service PO Box 6226 Hayward CA 94544 Tel 415 581-4277 Eves H & K Superstarters 0-35$2995 0-50$2995 MAG II$3495 Super Hustler$3495 Zenoah$2995 Tartan Twin$3995 NEWI Tartan Twin Muffler Set Allows adjustment carb running $3995 400 RPM increase over stock DEALER INQUIRIES INWTED ALL ORDERS ADD -$150 POSTAGE & HANDLING CALIF RES ADD SALES TAX 176 Model Aviation urn PROFILE0cOMSArRAT WIDE & NARROW WEDGE 15 -- 6 oz caAacities uirnaw mm Gum bi Fisk Ingredients Per detaIiOE brochw-5 usrapWcheck eel CAROUNA-TAFFINDER 5345 DelhI Hoed chmlgston 14gw. SC SIll 13153-716
Edition: Model Aviation - 1984/06
Page Numbers: 84, 85, 176
Ni-Cd batteries deteriorate age reliable way determine capacity milliampere hours old battery time standard dischargea tedious time-consuming process potential battery damage authors device makes safe simple task transmitter receiver other Ni-Cd batteriesE Frank Kelly problems flying dead batteries rainy Saturday decided make bat tery tester voltmeter alone tells little about state charge nothing about battery capacity milliampere hours will identify battery ON WEEKEND OUTING last year taxied plane back pits after flight friend said Look meter meter transmitter read zero parked pressed battery test button well red region have enough g Trmnamitter Cennecto,... Receiver Connector LED ch Single-Cell Connecter Charge iorn neceiver Buttery battery evaluator makes easy determine capacity transmitter receiver batteries Just plug through charging cord Alarm beeps LED lights clock stops battery under test discharged happens need constant monitoring approaching end its discharge curve however traditional method testing Ni-Cd battery place fully charged battery constant current constant re sistance discharge Measure voltage suitable intervals 10 minutes plot discharge curve See Figure 1 Worry wrinkles Frank Kellys brow might because hes pressing battery test button switch ON meter reads zero Kent Montgomery photo 84 Model Aviation Fig 1 Typical Ni-Cd battery voltage profile discharge C rated capacity mAh cells perfectly matched will cell weaker others cell will discharge first discharges zero volts other cells still have charge reverse voltage will appear across weak cell active cells provide source load weak cell become sink potentially dangerous situation because hydrogen gas will liberated within cell allowed persist will build up pressure activate resealable vent also will induce permanent irreversible damage cell can observed loss capacity Returning Figure 1 450 mAh battery discharged constant rate 450 mA discharges 1 V per cell less hour 450 mA referred C Capacity Ni-Cd batteries usually rated five-hour rate 05 V battery discharged constant current 90 mA 450 mAhI5 hr will have ter minal voltage excess 05 V five hours* procedure reasonable research exercise battery manufacturer minimal resources simple thing average flier timeconsuming places battery risk under test looked quartz analog alarm clock wife purchased under Continued page 176 *My transistor draws t50 mA flight system draws 40 mA servo motion about 100 mA servo motors motion flight three hours should possible transmitter receiver should hold up 65 hours 20% duty cycle servos electronics fit inside clock case just barely IC two transistors 9V battery plus some resistors connectors required after youve turned battery evaluator clock still works its original normal fashion 415 V R S CELLSI I&6w 4 CELLS~ CELL 0j3w H 2200 14 12 w C -J 0 -J -J w 0 10 08 06 1I 1 hrt5 hr 0402 0 TIME 0 Discharge Resistors 5t IC Socket rm Components ~ Transistor t -EPai Wiring Schematic Battery Evaluator 71 LI4l1~l 1111/4324 4700 2200 1k \AvN \A4PN 1k Clock flattery Inhibit Transistor attery 49 V 43 1W 0 ALARM 1k-4-O INHIBIT { Semco Ni-Cd/Kelly Continued page 85 $1000 last year drug store guessed might room inside case add some electronics found two interesting features removed back 1 button intended stop move ment second hand could synchro mzed pad pc board shorted positive battery terminal move ment inhibited 2 Another pad labeled E caused alarm beep shorted negative battery terminal looked like room some modifications sketched out circuit simple resistive load provided dis charge transmitter receiver battery through normal charging cords provides satisfactory load about 300 mA also serves divide battery voltage down equivalent single cell 15 V clock battery also divided down provide 15 V reference two signals fed IC op amp operational ampli fier used comparator battery voltage drops below 1 V output goes high raises refer ence voltage through diode resulting clean toggle action turns NPN transistor sounds alarm didnt want risk zapping 15 V clock circuit 9 V output op amp provided separate transistors interface clock op amp output also lights pitts ir Similar PiUs muffler smaller outside dimensions muffler fits neatly inside cowl has two angle exhaust tubes maximum scale effect PiUs Jr fits smaller airplanes like Sigs Skybolt others Pressure fitting mounting hardware standard Available three sizes Send SASE exact dimensions 125 Manor Avenue Oeklyn NJ 08107 215 457-3120 LED starts charging capacitor through 1 Mfl resistor Four seconds later after eight beeps second op amp senses its input voltage higher its 15 V reference its out put goes low turns PNP tran sistor causes clock stop cluding alarm LED remains until battery under test removed switch turned off forgot set alarm started one-cell jack convenient test point monitoring normalized voltage can used external resistors other batteries cheat little get everything available space though found neces sary remove 9 V battery its can theres shrink sleeve inside over con tents ends readily solderable 6 V camera battery could have sub stituted eliminate little problem mounted parts wherever seemed fit conveniently glued place drops gap-filling cyanoacrylate adhesive still looks neat outside though still serves its original purpose alarm clock Parts List 1 Copal Quartz Alarm Clock 1 324 Quad Op Amp 1 14-pin DIP Socket 2 Charge lacks 1 35mm Phono lack 1 PNP Transistor PNP will eg RADIO EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE lox 561 Dept mA P1 Forest IL 60466 LIST YOUR USED RAIDO EQUIPMENT FOR SALE No fee listing ow available Send SASE details USED RADIO EQUIPMENT WE NAVE LISTINGS OF USED RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR SALE Minimum fees ows available Send SASE details RADIO EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE lox 561 Dept 11* P1 Forest IL 60466 2N3702 1 NPN Transistor NPN will eg 2N3704 2 Diodes silicon diode will 1 Light Emitting Diode 1 10 uF Capacitor 10 DCWV 1 16f1 2 W Resistor 1 13fl 2 W Resistor 1 43 W Resistor 1 4300fl 01 W Resistor 2 2200fl 01 W Resistor 3 1 kfl 01 W Resistor 1 lMflOlWResistor 1 DPDT Slide Switch 1 Radio Shack Red Label 9 V Battery Willit/Pastor Continued naoe 88 aileron stock also included kit Assemble foam wing 5-mm ep oxy using white glue attach spar trailing edge stock dry trim trail ing edge stock flush wing panels Place wing fuselage sure properly aligned hold place rubberbands Insert A-in drill through hole F2 turning fingers drill hole foam wing Cut piece Vs-in dowel make sure wing will fit hole F2 now time find out after mix epoxy Once fits epoxy dowel foam wing epoxy hardening hold wing P K PRODUCTS Specializing QuadralZenoah Sales Service PO Box 6226 Hayward CA 94544 Tel 415 581-4277 Eves H & K Superstarters 0-35$2995 0-50$2995 MAG II$3495 Super Hustler$3495 Zenoah$2995 Tartan Twin$3995 NEWI Tartan Twin Muffler Set Allows adjustment carb running $3995 400 RPM increase over stock DEALER INQUIRIES INWTED ALL ORDERS ADD -$150 POSTAGE & HANDLING CALIF RES ADD SALES TAX 176 Model Aviation urn PROFILE0cOMSArRAT WIDE & NARROW WEDGE 15 -- 6 oz caAacities uirnaw mm Gum bi Fisk Ingredients Per detaIiOE brochw-5 usrapWcheck eel CAROUNA-TAFFINDER 5345 DelhI Hoed chmlgston 14gw. SC SIll 13153-716
Edition: Model Aviation - 1984/06
Page Numbers: 84, 85, 176
Ni-Cd batteries deteriorate age reliable way determine capacity milliampere hours old battery time standard dischargea tedious time-consuming process potential battery damage authors device makes safe simple task transmitter receiver other Ni-Cd batteriesE Frank Kelly problems flying dead batteries rainy Saturday decided make bat tery tester voltmeter alone tells little about state charge nothing about battery capacity milliampere hours will identify battery ON WEEKEND OUTING last year taxied plane back pits after flight friend said Look meter meter transmitter read zero parked pressed battery test button well red region have enough g Trmnamitter Cennecto,... Receiver Connector LED ch Single-Cell Connecter Charge iorn neceiver Buttery battery evaluator makes easy determine capacity transmitter receiver batteries Just plug through charging cord Alarm beeps LED lights clock stops battery under test discharged happens need constant monitoring approaching end its discharge curve however traditional method testing Ni-Cd battery place fully charged battery constant current constant re sistance discharge Measure voltage suitable intervals 10 minutes plot discharge curve See Figure 1 Worry wrinkles Frank Kellys brow might because hes pressing battery test button switch ON meter reads zero Kent Montgomery photo 84 Model Aviation Fig 1 Typical Ni-Cd battery voltage profile discharge C rated capacity mAh cells perfectly matched will cell weaker others cell will discharge first discharges zero volts other cells still have charge reverse voltage will appear across weak cell active cells provide source load weak cell become sink potentially dangerous situation because hydrogen gas will liberated within cell allowed persist will build up pressure activate resealable vent also will induce permanent irreversible damage cell can observed loss capacity Returning Figure 1 450 mAh battery discharged constant rate 450 mA discharges 1 V per cell less hour 450 mA referred C Capacity Ni-Cd batteries usually rated five-hour rate 05 V battery discharged constant current 90 mA 450 mAhI5 hr will have ter minal voltage excess 05 V five hours* procedure reasonable research exercise battery manufacturer minimal resources simple thing average flier timeconsuming places battery risk under test looked quartz analog alarm clock wife purchased under Continued page 176 *My transistor draws t50 mA flight system draws 40 mA servo motion about 100 mA servo motors motion flight three hours should possible transmitter receiver should hold up 65 hours 20% duty cycle servos electronics fit inside clock case just barely IC two transistors 9V battery plus some resistors connectors required after youve turned battery evaluator clock still works its original normal fashion 415 V R S CELLSI I&6w 4 CELLS~ CELL 0j3w H 2200 14 12 w C -J 0 -J -J w 0 10 08 06 1I 1 hrt5 hr 0402 0 TIME 0 Discharge Resistors 5t IC Socket rm Components ~ Transistor t -EPai Wiring Schematic Battery Evaluator 71 LI4l1~l 1111/4324 4700 2200 1k \AvN \A4PN 1k Clock flattery Inhibit Transistor attery 49 V 43 1W 0 ALARM 1k-4-O INHIBIT { Semco Ni-Cd/Kelly Continued page 85 $1000 last year drug store guessed might room inside case add some electronics found two interesting features removed back 1 button intended stop move ment second hand could synchro mzed pad pc board shorted positive battery terminal move ment inhibited 2 Another pad labeled E caused alarm beep shorted negative battery terminal looked like room some modifications sketched out circuit simple resistive load provided dis charge transmitter receiver battery through normal charging cords provides satisfactory load about 300 mA also serves divide battery voltage down equivalent single cell 15 V clock battery also divided down provide 15 V reference two signals fed IC op amp operational ampli fier used comparator battery voltage drops below 1 V output goes high raises refer ence voltage through diode resulting clean toggle action turns NPN transistor sounds alarm didnt want risk zapping 15 V clock circuit 9 V output op amp provided separate transistors interface clock op amp output also lights pitts ir Similar PiUs muffler smaller outside dimensions muffler fits neatly inside cowl has two angle exhaust tubes maximum scale effect PiUs Jr fits smaller airplanes like Sigs Skybolt others Pressure fitting mounting hardware standard Available three sizes Send SASE exact dimensions 125 Manor Avenue Oeklyn NJ 08107 215 457-3120 LED starts charging capacitor through 1 Mfl resistor Four seconds later after eight beeps second op amp senses its input voltage higher its 15 V reference its out put goes low turns PNP tran sistor causes clock stop cluding alarm LED remains until battery under test removed switch turned off forgot set alarm started one-cell jack convenient test point monitoring normalized voltage can used external resistors other batteries cheat little get everything available space though found neces sary remove 9 V battery its can theres shrink sleeve inside over con tents ends readily solderable 6 V camera battery could have sub stituted eliminate little problem mounted parts wherever seemed fit conveniently glued place drops gap-filling cyanoacrylate adhesive still looks neat outside though still serves its original purpose alarm clock Parts List 1 Copal Quartz Alarm Clock 1 324 Quad Op Amp 1 14-pin DIP Socket 2 Charge lacks 1 35mm Phono lack 1 PNP Transistor PNP will eg RADIO EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE lox 561 Dept mA P1 Forest IL 60466 LIST YOUR USED RAIDO EQUIPMENT FOR SALE No fee listing ow available Send SASE details USED RADIO EQUIPMENT WE NAVE LISTINGS OF USED RADIO EQUIPMENT FOR SALE Minimum fees ows available Send SASE details RADIO EQUIPMENT EXCHANGE lox 561 Dept 11* P1 Forest IL 60466 2N3702 1 NPN Transistor NPN will eg 2N3704 2 Diodes silicon diode will 1 Light Emitting Diode 1 10 uF Capacitor 10 DCWV 1 16f1 2 W Resistor 1 13fl 2 W Resistor 1 43 W Resistor 1 4300fl 01 W Resistor 2 2200fl 01 W Resistor 3 1 kfl 01 W Resistor 1 lMflOlWResistor 1 DPDT Slide Switch 1 Radio Shack Red Label 9 V Battery Willit/Pastor Continued naoe 88 aileron stock also included kit Assemble foam wing 5-mm ep oxy using white glue attach spar trailing edge stock dry trim trail ing edge stock flush wing panels Place wing fuselage sure properly aligned hold place rubberbands Insert A-in drill through hole F2 turning fingers drill hole foam wing Cut piece Vs-in dowel make sure wing will fit hole F2 now time find out after mix epoxy Once fits epoxy dowel foam wing epoxy hardening hold wing P K PRODUCTS Specializing QuadralZenoah Sales Service PO Box 6226 Hayward CA 94544 Tel 415 581-4277 Eves H & K Superstarters 0-35$2995 0-50$2995 MAG II$3495 Super Hustler$3495 Zenoah$2995 Tartan Twin$3995 NEWI Tartan Twin Muffler Set Allows adjustment carb running $3995 400 RPM increase over stock DEALER INQUIRIES INWTED ALL ORDERS ADD -$150 POSTAGE & HANDLING CALIF RES ADD SALES TAX 176 Model Aviation urn PROFILE0cOMSArRAT WIDE & NARROW WEDGE 15 -- 6 oz caAacities uirnaw mm Gum bi Fisk Ingredients Per detaIiOE brochw-5 usrapWcheck eel CAROUNA-TAFFINDER 5345 DelhI Hoed chmlgston 14gw. SC SIll 13153-716