NO OCR TEXT potential plan sales other home-builders THE KNOWLEDGE SEARCH first step designing building light aircraft get aviation documents possible subject written laymans terms obtained mainly EAA associated organizations next step attend forums aircraft designing building annual EAA convention held Oshkosh Wisconsin addition excellent presentations given forums also opportunity discuss aircraft designing some legendary aircraft designers pilots notably Mr Steve Wittman basic fact came out U U U U U fIZZRff B U B U mini U p U i U N p p p U EUEm mu mm BIG GLOW FUEL MANUFACTURED WITH THE PUREST FINEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE * Superior Igniters Improve starting idle acceleration Youll notice power bargain fuels * Special Detergents Promote clean burning prevent residue buildup * Rust Inhibitors Protect engines corrosion After run oil needed engines * FilmStrengthAdditives- Increase lubricity provide extra lean run protection * Anti-Wear Additives Help keep engines running peak performance longer * Satisfaction Guaranteed SIG CHAMPION 2-STROKE FUEL PINTQUARTGALLON 0% Nitromethane $995 50/0 Nitromethane$325$495$1295 10% Nitrornethane$395$535$1495 15% Nitrornethane$395$625$1695 25% Nitromethane$495$795$2295 35% Nitromethane$595$895$2795 SIG PREMIUM 4-STROKE FUEL 10% Nitromethane$1395 15% Nitromethane$1625 $1295 $1495 $1695 $ 1395 $1595 SIG ALL-CASTOR FUEL 5% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 1 50h Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 5% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR THE CHOICE OF CHAMPION FLYERS over 20 years SIG has blending finest quality model engine fuel available using finest quality ingredients instance Methanol use 9950h pure very best grade money can buy also use real 100% pure Nitromethane get full measure youve paid based honest percentage-of-volume method percentage weight SIG fuels excep tion All-Castor Fuels contain 50-50 blend Bakers purest AA Castor Oil new improved Klotz Techniplate Synthetic Racing Oil maximum engine lubrication protection Based experience sincerely believe finest quality fuel can made price dont take word try some judge yourselfl FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $1500 Prices subject change notice Tall Free Orders 1-800-2475008 Modelers Hotllne 1-800-524-7805 Lstest Ostalog $300 516 MANUFACTURING CO ... Montezuma IA 50171 S64 Model Aviation * discussions experts has definite ideas home-built aircraft should made has favorite building materials techniques aircraft configuration THE TYPES OF HOME-BUILT AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION present time four popular ways construct home-built aircraft 1 Fiberglass Styrofoam usually called composite construction 2 wood usually spruce plywood 3 Steel tubing fabric plus some spruce plywood 4 metal mostly aluminum Using fiberglass Styrofoam probably fastest way complete aircraft however several disadvantages serious additional weight Excess weight causes higher wing loading turn increases stall landing speeds results less safe aircraft Another disadvantage necessity paint aircraft white white paint reflects much heat suns rays prevents softening fiberglass resin would result exposure normal sunlight Darker colors absorb heat sunlight Although white viable color aircraft dont want limited just color An all-wood aircraft would strong lightweight wood geometrically unstable subjected changes temperature humidity combustible third approach recommended Mr Steve Wittman strongly suggested consider steel tubing wood fabric aircraft construction arguments quite convincing demonstrated strength such structure sitting horizontal stabilizer Tailwind also stated very few tools needed construction using approach disadvantages inevitable deterioration fabric plus need wire- strut-bracing fourth approach ie all-metal far popular commercial builders light aircraft advantages include longevity strength light weight Metal can machined formed accurately because relatively insensitive temperature humidity CHART 1 AIRPLANESShS MACbLhLVhVy ftftftif PiperJ31785245102533352132134340022 Piper Cherokee1600230108508300131131371029 Cessna 1501600237117480333130131390029 Pazmany PL-11160180102414280114106430033 Snipe130023089510255123128428034 Ryan Navion1840428146522334155169692040 Note All 5 square feet disadvantages need tools fixtures task driving bucking about 15000 rivets per aircraft Although feel could build aircraft using above techniques am comfortable working metal because background machine tools THE MISSION PROFILE important thing before building aircraft establishing mission profile defining what want airplane homebuilders fail address subject consequently end up aircraft doesnt fulfill needs mission profile basic required lot introspection includes following 1 Payload four 170-lb passengers including pilot plus 60 lb baggage 2 Range 600 statute miles 45 minutes reserve fuel 3 Cruising speed 155 mph minimum 75% power 4 Stall speed 61 mph maximum gross weight 5 Transportability Towable US highways 6 Storabilixy Stowable area 10-ft wide x 22-ft long x 8-ft high 7 Passenger environment Controlled heating cooling 8 Power plant 150-200 horsepower aircraft automotive engine 9 Rate climb 800 fpm minimum gross weight sea level 10 Design load limits 9Gs 45Gs two 190-lb passengers 300 lb fuel 11 Safety features fuel wings emergency exit low wing tractor propeller tricycle gear 12 Equipment night-flight legal modem communication navigation gear THE AIRCRAFT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Two excellent books available contain instructions convert mission profile actual aircraft design specifications Light Airplane Design Ladislao Pazmany Design Flying David B Thurston using references able detennine what physical characteristics airplane should have designing aircraft critical component airplane its wing maximum cruise stall speeds greatly influenced wings area aspect ratio flap type area airfoil Selecting airfoil very much like selecting spouse can spend lot time analyzing whats available can ask lot people recommenda tions end amounts selecting gives best balance speed gentle handling stall characteris tics airfoil selected NACA 63 series recommended Mr Pazmany analyzed other airfoils listed book Theory Wing Sections Ira H Abbott Albert E Von Doenhoff before finally decided NACA airfoil large extent horsepower engine controls takeoff distance rate climb cruise maximum speeds assumes propeller sized correctly application fixed-pitch prop however either maximum speed rate climb can optimized both center-of-gravity CG tail volume affect stability aircraft Mr Chris Heintz noted aeronautical engineer stated forum conducted 1989 EAA Convention order ensure stability pitch forward CG Bandits 1 OClock conventionally designed aircraft should located no less 16% MAC mean aerodynamic chord wing rectangular wing MAC actual chord same also said rear CG limit should no percent chord calculated following formula Rear CG limit 17 LhIMAC x ShISv) x 100 Lh the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% horizontal stabilizer MAC QR/C GOODIES 2828 Cochran St Suite 281805 581-5061 Simi Valley Ca 93065 93 MODEL ACCESSORIES SHRINK SHEETS SPF 110 GRAM Rh S&HTO7 LITESPAN ALU dUU DOUBLE THIS QUANTITY $500 LR TAYLOR POWER PACER E-AI21E TC EINID. GREAT AIRPLANE SAVERI CHARGES &CYCLESTX&RX ~L BATTERIESSHOWS BATTERY CAPACITY REMAINING WARNS OF BAD CELLS IN PACK BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO FLY AIRCRAFT RETAIL $8950 SPEC $7150 S & H $495 FOR ALL ITEMS ADD LOCAL SALES TAX IN CA CATALOG $100 USA $300 FOREIGN PRICES ARE CASH IVISAJ CARDS 6% MORE 20% DEPOSIT-COD April1993 65 LITESPAN NOW IN 36 & 72LENGTHS L-L iIt WWII P- F-4U ano NOW qu uorsair Pedal Planes will have much fun building 3-6 year old will have Flyingit Kit includes full-sized patterns complete Instructions color nhntn Ikt nf & Ii MU liOS add b/o saies tax Specify plan wanted Flight Line Toys PO Box 3484 Sorinotield MO 65808 Ii I IAVENWOOD ID VERSAILLES KY 40383 606873-5172 Fox Manufacturing Announces New User Friendly FOX 25BB SCHNEURLE new Fox 25BB motor has iron piston/steel liner gives engine real nice snappy compression free running nature engine supplied Mark X type carburetor tilt-up muffler cylinder can turned exhaust right left rear Available inRIG control line #12599Fox 25BB CLBore680 #22599Fox 25BB RCStroke680 15000RPM 9-4 PropDisp.247 Weight8 oz Fox Manufacturing Company has leader manufacturing model airplane engines accessories over 45 years Fox products MADE IN THE USA quality A-l service second Fox motors durable long lasting proper care modeler can have hundreds hours flying enjoyment Fox motors Fox motors have proven #1 competition well also introducing new ULTRA E Z CARBURETOR new carb has needle air bleed idle No need set two needle valves Crank motor set needle GO FLY new carb fits Fox motors 45 size thru 74 size Order part #27050 MADE IN AMERICA FOX MANUFACTURING CO 5305 Towson Avenue Fort Smith Arkansas 72901 Phone 501 646-1656FOXPOWER FAX 501 646-1757 FOX MOTORS BEGINNING Sh the horizontal stabilizer area including elevatorsq ft the wing area sq ft tail volume concept explained detail Light Airplane Design formulae Vh LhISW x MAC L/S x b Vh the horizontal Tail Volume Coefficient the vertical Tail Volume Coefficient 5, the vertical stabilizer area including ruddersq ft the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% vertical stabilizer MAC b span ft Mr Pazmany recommends V approximately 430 V, approximately 033 ensure stability Chart 1 shows Vh V several popular aircraft design comparison THE RESULT After applying formulae rules thumb necessary meet mission profile initially disappointed design looked very much like Grumman American Tiger now manufactured American General Aircraft Corporation Maybe friends right should just buy Tiger avoid hassle building airplane new Tiger would cost approximately $115000 fully equipped cant afford 1323 Tigers built 1975 through 1979 should still some used ones market probably could pick up under $25000 Upon further analysis however realized Tiger does meet requirements mission profile isnt towable wont fit workshop Oh well back drawing board THE NEED FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL though followed accepted methods designing aircraft question still remains will actually perform three ways predict performance testing full-scale aircraft first wind-tunnel model testing second computer simulation third radio-controlled RC model testing didnt have access first second alternatives choice build RC scale model test Determining what test next task Listed below items felt should tested priority order 1 Stall/Spin characteristics Test-flying model CG set different locations can help determine fullscale aircraft will stall spin model fails exit stall crashes thing lost model full-scale aircraft and/or 2 Stability pitch yaw roll model unstable pitch and/or yaw horizontal and/or vertical stabilizers may have enlarged model too stable roll requires excessive aileron control hold banked condition wing dihedral angle must decreased Conversely model requires constant aileron input keep wings level wing dihedral must increased Performing aerobatic maneuvers model also good way analyze stability 3 Flutter control surfaces Two things should done eliminate control surface flutter control linkages must tight rigid possible control surfaces must balanced Balancing complex consequently way can sure its done right test model 4 Control effectiveness Flying model will tell much control surface travel will needed full-scale aircraft under different flying conditions 5 Ground handling Although model will have individual main gear brakes effectiveness rudder attempting turns ground can analyzed Further nose gear can tested shimmying tendencies 6 Feature functionality following Obechi Large Sheets Please cail 509-548-5201 send SASE 12306 Bergstrasse Leavenworth WA 98826 KITES - FREE COLOR CATALOG Choose over 200 exc t ng k tes S unusual & innovat ye des gns Call write catalog Eodayl Into Wind 1 541 034 IN 1408Pearl St Boulder CO 80302 L f4Wrc6oo Learn fly planes private field Five orB day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RO Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 66 Model Aviation IDMRIRXt RI E fS PRESENTS $28500 Including Shipping Handling LOOK WHATS BEEN LIBERATED B-24D FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE NACELLES COWLS WING 108 ENGINE 4-40 FOAM WINGS & STABS ff--K- Li COMING IN APRIL Send Check Money Order BOMBER BOYS P 0 BOX ABC BRADLEY WV 25818 304 877-2336 items can tested determine function intended durability can also observed Landing gear b Folding wings c Hood canopy hatch 7 Assembly methods Building model gives good indication sequence assembly operations required full-scale aircraft operations include following Skinning b Component alignment c Canopy installation An excellent article Dynamic Modeling featured July August 1987 issues Sport Aviation explains detail use scale models simulating dynamic flight characteristics full-scale aircraft bibliography reference material have used design aircraft follows article next installment series Snipe will cover design building testing model conclusions reached concerning flight performance continued BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott Ira H Albert E Von Doenhoff Theory Wing Sections New York NY Dover Publishing Inc 1959 Bonacci Nick Aircraft Sheet Metal Casper Wyo lAP Inc 1987 Breneman John W Strength Materials 2nd ed New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc 1952 Dzik Stanley J Aircraft Hardware Standards Manual & Engineering Reference Appleton Wis Aviation Publications 1977 Hoerner Sighard F Fluid-Dynamic Drag Midland Park NJ S F Hoerner 1958 Pazmany L Landing Gear Design Light Aircraft Vol 1 San Diego Calif Pazmany Aircraft Corporation 1986 Light Aircraft Design 3rd ed San Diego Calif L Pazmany 1963 L Pazmany H Prentice C Waterman F Tietge Potential Structural Materials Design Concepts Light Airplanes Springfield Va National Technical Information Service US Department Commerce 1968 Poberezny Paul H Schmid SH Custom Built Sport Aircraft Handbook Oshkosh Wis BAA Aviation Foundation 1986 Rhodes 0 Thompson Stress Without Tears Indianapolis md Jacobs Publishing Inc 1990 Thurston David B Design Flying New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company 1978 US Government Printing Office Code Federal Regulations Title 14Aeronautics Space Parts 59 Office Federal Register National Archives Records Administration 1989 orcraftlSimpson Continued paqe 62 second side directly over first side waxed paper between Remember sides framework sheet stuff will added later Cut -in Lite Ply gear mount fit between lower fuselage longerons 5 front back Use large pins small nails securely attach building surface over waxed-paper-covered top view Use least three large right triangles hold fuselage sides vertical Make sure tail posts same height above bench dont want build twist fuselage Before gluing fuselage sides landing gear mount sand correct taper aft ends sides pulled together over plans two will total k Next glue longerons landing gear mount Carefully cut fuselage crosspieces length glue place across top cabin between uprights define cabin doors Use triangles hold Continued page 72 OPPORTUNITY OF LIFE TIME! Turn key business sale estab lished kit manufacturer Can run garage desired High profit margin Call 813- 854-KITS April 1993 67 [ ADVANCED AERO PRODUCTS YS & OS SURPASS 120 kJ1 7f/~ IEXHAIJST SYSTEMS FOR PATTERN AIRCRAFT AND ULTIMATE BWE SIUCONE COUPLERS AND TAIL PIPES AlSO AVAILABLE CALL OA WflE F WOf4ATU4DAALCR NQJIFES IfTED RT 1 BOX 366-C ANNA TX 75409 214 924-3940 CMPUIERIID MRCRA1I Pb9lS Technical Illustratiolls Suitable Framing Scale ting Scanning Services 3 Views D-TECH SYSTEMS 325 Shawnee Trail Catalog $ioa Carterville IL 62918 6189852383
Edition: Model Aviation - 1993/04
Page Numbers: 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
NO OCR TEXT potential plan sales other home-builders THE KNOWLEDGE SEARCH first step designing building light aircraft get aviation documents possible subject written laymans terms obtained mainly EAA associated organizations next step attend forums aircraft designing building annual EAA convention held Oshkosh Wisconsin addition excellent presentations given forums also opportunity discuss aircraft designing some legendary aircraft designers pilots notably Mr Steve Wittman basic fact came out U U U U U fIZZRff B U B U mini U p U i U N p p p U EUEm mu mm BIG GLOW FUEL MANUFACTURED WITH THE PUREST FINEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE * Superior Igniters Improve starting idle acceleration Youll notice power bargain fuels * Special Detergents Promote clean burning prevent residue buildup * Rust Inhibitors Protect engines corrosion After run oil needed engines * FilmStrengthAdditives- Increase lubricity provide extra lean run protection * Anti-Wear Additives Help keep engines running peak performance longer * Satisfaction Guaranteed SIG CHAMPION 2-STROKE FUEL PINTQUARTGALLON 0% Nitromethane $995 50/0 Nitromethane$325$495$1295 10% Nitrornethane$395$535$1495 15% Nitrornethane$395$625$1695 25% Nitromethane$495$795$2295 35% Nitromethane$595$895$2795 SIG PREMIUM 4-STROKE FUEL 10% Nitromethane$1395 15% Nitromethane$1625 $1295 $1495 $1695 $ 1395 $1595 SIG ALL-CASTOR FUEL 5% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 1 50h Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 5% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR THE CHOICE OF CHAMPION FLYERS over 20 years SIG has blending finest quality model engine fuel available using finest quality ingredients instance Methanol use 9950h pure very best grade money can buy also use real 100% pure Nitromethane get full measure youve paid based honest percentage-of-volume method percentage weight SIG fuels excep tion All-Castor Fuels contain 50-50 blend Bakers purest AA Castor Oil new improved Klotz Techniplate Synthetic Racing Oil maximum engine lubrication protection Based experience sincerely believe finest quality fuel can made price dont take word try some judge yourselfl FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $1500 Prices subject change notice Tall Free Orders 1-800-2475008 Modelers Hotllne 1-800-524-7805 Lstest Ostalog $300 516 MANUFACTURING CO ... Montezuma IA 50171 S64 Model Aviation * discussions experts has definite ideas home-built aircraft should made has favorite building materials techniques aircraft configuration THE TYPES OF HOME-BUILT AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION present time four popular ways construct home-built aircraft 1 Fiberglass Styrofoam usually called composite construction 2 wood usually spruce plywood 3 Steel tubing fabric plus some spruce plywood 4 metal mostly aluminum Using fiberglass Styrofoam probably fastest way complete aircraft however several disadvantages serious additional weight Excess weight causes higher wing loading turn increases stall landing speeds results less safe aircraft Another disadvantage necessity paint aircraft white white paint reflects much heat suns rays prevents softening fiberglass resin would result exposure normal sunlight Darker colors absorb heat sunlight Although white viable color aircraft dont want limited just color An all-wood aircraft would strong lightweight wood geometrically unstable subjected changes temperature humidity combustible third approach recommended Mr Steve Wittman strongly suggested consider steel tubing wood fabric aircraft construction arguments quite convincing demonstrated strength such structure sitting horizontal stabilizer Tailwind also stated very few tools needed construction using approach disadvantages inevitable deterioration fabric plus need wire- strut-bracing fourth approach ie all-metal far popular commercial builders light aircraft advantages include longevity strength light weight Metal can machined formed accurately because relatively insensitive temperature humidity CHART 1 AIRPLANESShS MACbLhLVhVy ftftftif PiperJ31785245102533352132134340022 Piper Cherokee1600230108508300131131371029 Cessna 1501600237117480333130131390029 Pazmany PL-11160180102414280114106430033 Snipe130023089510255123128428034 Ryan Navion1840428146522334155169692040 Note All 5 square feet disadvantages need tools fixtures task driving bucking about 15000 rivets per aircraft Although feel could build aircraft using above techniques am comfortable working metal because background machine tools THE MISSION PROFILE important thing before building aircraft establishing mission profile defining what want airplane homebuilders fail address subject consequently end up aircraft doesnt fulfill needs mission profile basic required lot introspection includes following 1 Payload four 170-lb passengers including pilot plus 60 lb baggage 2 Range 600 statute miles 45 minutes reserve fuel 3 Cruising speed 155 mph minimum 75% power 4 Stall speed 61 mph maximum gross weight 5 Transportability Towable US highways 6 Storabilixy Stowable area 10-ft wide x 22-ft long x 8-ft high 7 Passenger environment Controlled heating cooling 8 Power plant 150-200 horsepower aircraft automotive engine 9 Rate climb 800 fpm minimum gross weight sea level 10 Design load limits 9Gs 45Gs two 190-lb passengers 300 lb fuel 11 Safety features fuel wings emergency exit low wing tractor propeller tricycle gear 12 Equipment night-flight legal modem communication navigation gear THE AIRCRAFT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Two excellent books available contain instructions convert mission profile actual aircraft design specifications Light Airplane Design Ladislao Pazmany Design Flying David B Thurston using references able detennine what physical characteristics airplane should have designing aircraft critical component airplane its wing maximum cruise stall speeds greatly influenced wings area aspect ratio flap type area airfoil Selecting airfoil very much like selecting spouse can spend lot time analyzing whats available can ask lot people recommenda tions end amounts selecting gives best balance speed gentle handling stall characteris tics airfoil selected NACA 63 series recommended Mr Pazmany analyzed other airfoils listed book Theory Wing Sections Ira H Abbott Albert E Von Doenhoff before finally decided NACA airfoil large extent horsepower engine controls takeoff distance rate climb cruise maximum speeds assumes propeller sized correctly application fixed-pitch prop however either maximum speed rate climb can optimized both center-of-gravity CG tail volume affect stability aircraft Mr Chris Heintz noted aeronautical engineer stated forum conducted 1989 EAA Convention order ensure stability pitch forward CG Bandits 1 OClock conventionally designed aircraft should located no less 16% MAC mean aerodynamic chord wing rectangular wing MAC actual chord same also said rear CG limit should no percent chord calculated following formula Rear CG limit 17 LhIMAC x ShISv) x 100 Lh the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% horizontal stabilizer MAC QR/C GOODIES 2828 Cochran St Suite 281805 581-5061 Simi Valley Ca 93065 93 MODEL ACCESSORIES SHRINK SHEETS SPF 110 GRAM Rh S&HTO7 LITESPAN ALU dUU DOUBLE THIS QUANTITY $500 LR TAYLOR POWER PACER E-AI21E TC EINID. GREAT AIRPLANE SAVERI CHARGES &CYCLESTX&RX ~L BATTERIESSHOWS BATTERY CAPACITY REMAINING WARNS OF BAD CELLS IN PACK BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO FLY AIRCRAFT RETAIL $8950 SPEC $7150 S & H $495 FOR ALL ITEMS ADD LOCAL SALES TAX IN CA CATALOG $100 USA $300 FOREIGN PRICES ARE CASH IVISAJ CARDS 6% MORE 20% DEPOSIT-COD April1993 65 LITESPAN NOW IN 36 & 72LENGTHS L-L iIt WWII P- F-4U ano NOW qu uorsair Pedal Planes will have much fun building 3-6 year old will have Flyingit Kit includes full-sized patterns complete Instructions color nhntn Ikt nf & Ii MU liOS add b/o saies tax Specify plan wanted Flight Line Toys PO Box 3484 Sorinotield MO 65808 Ii I IAVENWOOD ID VERSAILLES KY 40383 606873-5172 Fox Manufacturing Announces New User Friendly FOX 25BB SCHNEURLE new Fox 25BB motor has iron piston/steel liner gives engine real nice snappy compression free running nature engine supplied Mark X type carburetor tilt-up muffler cylinder can turned exhaust right left rear Available inRIG control line #12599Fox 25BB CLBore680 #22599Fox 25BB RCStroke680 15000RPM 9-4 PropDisp.247 Weight8 oz Fox Manufacturing Company has leader manufacturing model airplane engines accessories over 45 years Fox products MADE IN THE USA quality A-l service second Fox motors durable long lasting proper care modeler can have hundreds hours flying enjoyment Fox motors Fox motors have proven #1 competition well also introducing new ULTRA E Z CARBURETOR new carb has needle air bleed idle No need set two needle valves Crank motor set needle GO FLY new carb fits Fox motors 45 size thru 74 size Order part #27050 MADE IN AMERICA FOX MANUFACTURING CO 5305 Towson Avenue Fort Smith Arkansas 72901 Phone 501 646-1656FOXPOWER FAX 501 646-1757 FOX MOTORS BEGINNING Sh the horizontal stabilizer area including elevatorsq ft the wing area sq ft tail volume concept explained detail Light Airplane Design formulae Vh LhISW x MAC L/S x b Vh the horizontal Tail Volume Coefficient the vertical Tail Volume Coefficient 5, the vertical stabilizer area including ruddersq ft the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% vertical stabilizer MAC b span ft Mr Pazmany recommends V approximately 430 V, approximately 033 ensure stability Chart 1 shows Vh V several popular aircraft design comparison THE RESULT After applying formulae rules thumb necessary meet mission profile initially disappointed design looked very much like Grumman American Tiger now manufactured American General Aircraft Corporation Maybe friends right should just buy Tiger avoid hassle building airplane new Tiger would cost approximately $115000 fully equipped cant afford 1323 Tigers built 1975 through 1979 should still some used ones market probably could pick up under $25000 Upon further analysis however realized Tiger does meet requirements mission profile isnt towable wont fit workshop Oh well back drawing board THE NEED FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL though followed accepted methods designing aircraft question still remains will actually perform three ways predict performance testing full-scale aircraft first wind-tunnel model testing second computer simulation third radio-controlled RC model testing didnt have access first second alternatives choice build RC scale model test Determining what test next task Listed below items felt should tested priority order 1 Stall/Spin characteristics Test-flying model CG set different locations can help determine fullscale aircraft will stall spin model fails exit stall crashes thing lost model full-scale aircraft and/or 2 Stability pitch yaw roll model unstable pitch and/or yaw horizontal and/or vertical stabilizers may have enlarged model too stable roll requires excessive aileron control hold banked condition wing dihedral angle must decreased Conversely model requires constant aileron input keep wings level wing dihedral must increased Performing aerobatic maneuvers model also good way analyze stability 3 Flutter control surfaces Two things should done eliminate control surface flutter control linkages must tight rigid possible control surfaces must balanced Balancing complex consequently way can sure its done right test model 4 Control effectiveness Flying model will tell much control surface travel will needed full-scale aircraft under different flying conditions 5 Ground handling Although model will have individual main gear brakes effectiveness rudder attempting turns ground can analyzed Further nose gear can tested shimmying tendencies 6 Feature functionality following Obechi Large Sheets Please cail 509-548-5201 send SASE 12306 Bergstrasse Leavenworth WA 98826 KITES - FREE COLOR CATALOG Choose over 200 exc t ng k tes S unusual & innovat ye des gns Call write catalog Eodayl Into Wind 1 541 034 IN 1408Pearl St Boulder CO 80302 L f4Wrc6oo Learn fly planes private field Five orB day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RO Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 66 Model Aviation IDMRIRXt RI E fS PRESENTS $28500 Including Shipping Handling LOOK WHATS BEEN LIBERATED B-24D FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE NACELLES COWLS WING 108 ENGINE 4-40 FOAM WINGS & STABS ff--K- Li COMING IN APRIL Send Check Money Order BOMBER BOYS P 0 BOX ABC BRADLEY WV 25818 304 877-2336 items can tested determine function intended durability can also observed Landing gear b Folding wings c Hood canopy hatch 7 Assembly methods Building model gives good indication sequence assembly operations required full-scale aircraft operations include following Skinning b Component alignment c Canopy installation An excellent article Dynamic Modeling featured July August 1987 issues Sport Aviation explains detail use scale models simulating dynamic flight characteristics full-scale aircraft bibliography reference material have used design aircraft follows article next installment series Snipe will cover design building testing model conclusions reached concerning flight performance continued BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott Ira H Albert E Von Doenhoff Theory Wing Sections New York NY Dover Publishing Inc 1959 Bonacci Nick Aircraft Sheet Metal Casper Wyo lAP Inc 1987 Breneman John W Strength Materials 2nd ed New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc 1952 Dzik Stanley J Aircraft Hardware Standards Manual & Engineering Reference Appleton Wis Aviation Publications 1977 Hoerner Sighard F Fluid-Dynamic Drag Midland Park NJ S F Hoerner 1958 Pazmany L Landing Gear Design Light Aircraft Vol 1 San Diego Calif Pazmany Aircraft Corporation 1986 Light Aircraft Design 3rd ed San Diego Calif L Pazmany 1963 L Pazmany H Prentice C Waterman F Tietge Potential Structural Materials Design Concepts Light Airplanes Springfield Va National Technical Information Service US Department Commerce 1968 Poberezny Paul H Schmid SH Custom Built Sport Aircraft Handbook Oshkosh Wis BAA Aviation Foundation 1986 Rhodes 0 Thompson Stress Without Tears Indianapolis md Jacobs Publishing Inc 1990 Thurston David B Design Flying New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company 1978 US Government Printing Office Code Federal Regulations Title 14Aeronautics Space Parts 59 Office Federal Register National Archives Records Administration 1989 orcraftlSimpson Continued paqe 62 second side directly over first side waxed paper between Remember sides framework sheet stuff will added later Cut -in Lite Ply gear mount fit between lower fuselage longerons 5 front back Use large pins small nails securely attach building surface over waxed-paper-covered top view Use least three large right triangles hold fuselage sides vertical Make sure tail posts same height above bench dont want build twist fuselage Before gluing fuselage sides landing gear mount sand correct taper aft ends sides pulled together over plans two will total k Next glue longerons landing gear mount Carefully cut fuselage crosspieces length glue place across top cabin between uprights define cabin doors Use triangles hold Continued page 72 OPPORTUNITY OF LIFE TIME! Turn key business sale estab lished kit manufacturer Can run garage desired High profit margin Call 813- 854-KITS April 1993 67 [ ADVANCED AERO PRODUCTS YS & OS SURPASS 120 kJ1 7f/~ IEXHAIJST SYSTEMS FOR PATTERN AIRCRAFT AND ULTIMATE BWE SIUCONE COUPLERS AND TAIL PIPES AlSO AVAILABLE CALL OA WflE F WOf4ATU4DAALCR NQJIFES IfTED RT 1 BOX 366-C ANNA TX 75409 214 924-3940 CMPUIERIID MRCRA1I Pb9lS Technical Illustratiolls Suitable Framing Scale ting Scanning Services 3 Views D-TECH SYSTEMS 325 Shawnee Trail Catalog $ioa Carterville IL 62918 6189852383
Edition: Model Aviation - 1993/04
Page Numbers: 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
NO OCR TEXT potential plan sales other home-builders THE KNOWLEDGE SEARCH first step designing building light aircraft get aviation documents possible subject written laymans terms obtained mainly EAA associated organizations next step attend forums aircraft designing building annual EAA convention held Oshkosh Wisconsin addition excellent presentations given forums also opportunity discuss aircraft designing some legendary aircraft designers pilots notably Mr Steve Wittman basic fact came out U U U U U fIZZRff B U B U mini U p U i U N p p p U EUEm mu mm BIG GLOW FUEL MANUFACTURED WITH THE PUREST FINEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE * Superior Igniters Improve starting idle acceleration Youll notice power bargain fuels * Special Detergents Promote clean burning prevent residue buildup * Rust Inhibitors Protect engines corrosion After run oil needed engines * FilmStrengthAdditives- Increase lubricity provide extra lean run protection * Anti-Wear Additives Help keep engines running peak performance longer * Satisfaction Guaranteed SIG CHAMPION 2-STROKE FUEL PINTQUARTGALLON 0% Nitromethane $995 50/0 Nitromethane$325$495$1295 10% Nitrornethane$395$535$1495 15% Nitrornethane$395$625$1695 25% Nitromethane$495$795$2295 35% Nitromethane$595$895$2795 SIG PREMIUM 4-STROKE FUEL 10% Nitromethane$1395 15% Nitromethane$1625 $1295 $1495 $1695 $ 1395 $1595 SIG ALL-CASTOR FUEL 5% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 1 50h Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 5% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR THE CHOICE OF CHAMPION FLYERS over 20 years SIG has blending finest quality model engine fuel available using finest quality ingredients instance Methanol use 9950h pure very best grade money can buy also use real 100% pure Nitromethane get full measure youve paid based honest percentage-of-volume method percentage weight SIG fuels excep tion All-Castor Fuels contain 50-50 blend Bakers purest AA Castor Oil new improved Klotz Techniplate Synthetic Racing Oil maximum engine lubrication protection Based experience sincerely believe finest quality fuel can made price dont take word try some judge yourselfl FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $1500 Prices subject change notice Tall Free Orders 1-800-2475008 Modelers Hotllne 1-800-524-7805 Lstest Ostalog $300 516 MANUFACTURING CO ... Montezuma IA 50171 S64 Model Aviation * discussions experts has definite ideas home-built aircraft should made has favorite building materials techniques aircraft configuration THE TYPES OF HOME-BUILT AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION present time four popular ways construct home-built aircraft 1 Fiberglass Styrofoam usually called composite construction 2 wood usually spruce plywood 3 Steel tubing fabric plus some spruce plywood 4 metal mostly aluminum Using fiberglass Styrofoam probably fastest way complete aircraft however several disadvantages serious additional weight Excess weight causes higher wing loading turn increases stall landing speeds results less safe aircraft Another disadvantage necessity paint aircraft white white paint reflects much heat suns rays prevents softening fiberglass resin would result exposure normal sunlight Darker colors absorb heat sunlight Although white viable color aircraft dont want limited just color An all-wood aircraft would strong lightweight wood geometrically unstable subjected changes temperature humidity combustible third approach recommended Mr Steve Wittman strongly suggested consider steel tubing wood fabric aircraft construction arguments quite convincing demonstrated strength such structure sitting horizontal stabilizer Tailwind also stated very few tools needed construction using approach disadvantages inevitable deterioration fabric plus need wire- strut-bracing fourth approach ie all-metal far popular commercial builders light aircraft advantages include longevity strength light weight Metal can machined formed accurately because relatively insensitive temperature humidity CHART 1 AIRPLANESShS MACbLhLVhVy ftftftif PiperJ31785245102533352132134340022 Piper Cherokee1600230108508300131131371029 Cessna 1501600237117480333130131390029 Pazmany PL-11160180102414280114106430033 Snipe130023089510255123128428034 Ryan Navion1840428146522334155169692040 Note All 5 square feet disadvantages need tools fixtures task driving bucking about 15000 rivets per aircraft Although feel could build aircraft using above techniques am comfortable working metal because background machine tools THE MISSION PROFILE important thing before building aircraft establishing mission profile defining what want airplane homebuilders fail address subject consequently end up aircraft doesnt fulfill needs mission profile basic required lot introspection includes following 1 Payload four 170-lb passengers including pilot plus 60 lb baggage 2 Range 600 statute miles 45 minutes reserve fuel 3 Cruising speed 155 mph minimum 75% power 4 Stall speed 61 mph maximum gross weight 5 Transportability Towable US highways 6 Storabilixy Stowable area 10-ft wide x 22-ft long x 8-ft high 7 Passenger environment Controlled heating cooling 8 Power plant 150-200 horsepower aircraft automotive engine 9 Rate climb 800 fpm minimum gross weight sea level 10 Design load limits 9Gs 45Gs two 190-lb passengers 300 lb fuel 11 Safety features fuel wings emergency exit low wing tractor propeller tricycle gear 12 Equipment night-flight legal modem communication navigation gear THE AIRCRAFT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Two excellent books available contain instructions convert mission profile actual aircraft design specifications Light Airplane Design Ladislao Pazmany Design Flying David B Thurston using references able detennine what physical characteristics airplane should have designing aircraft critical component airplane its wing maximum cruise stall speeds greatly influenced wings area aspect ratio flap type area airfoil Selecting airfoil very much like selecting spouse can spend lot time analyzing whats available can ask lot people recommenda tions end amounts selecting gives best balance speed gentle handling stall characteris tics airfoil selected NACA 63 series recommended Mr Pazmany analyzed other airfoils listed book Theory Wing Sections Ira H Abbott Albert E Von Doenhoff before finally decided NACA airfoil large extent horsepower engine controls takeoff distance rate climb cruise maximum speeds assumes propeller sized correctly application fixed-pitch prop however either maximum speed rate climb can optimized both center-of-gravity CG tail volume affect stability aircraft Mr Chris Heintz noted aeronautical engineer stated forum conducted 1989 EAA Convention order ensure stability pitch forward CG Bandits 1 OClock conventionally designed aircraft should located no less 16% MAC mean aerodynamic chord wing rectangular wing MAC actual chord same also said rear CG limit should no percent chord calculated following formula Rear CG limit 17 LhIMAC x ShISv) x 100 Lh the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% horizontal stabilizer MAC QR/C GOODIES 2828 Cochran St Suite 281805 581-5061 Simi Valley Ca 93065 93 MODEL ACCESSORIES SHRINK SHEETS SPF 110 GRAM Rh S&HTO7 LITESPAN ALU dUU DOUBLE THIS QUANTITY $500 LR TAYLOR POWER PACER E-AI21E TC EINID. GREAT AIRPLANE SAVERI CHARGES &CYCLESTX&RX ~L BATTERIESSHOWS BATTERY CAPACITY REMAINING WARNS OF BAD CELLS IN PACK BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO FLY AIRCRAFT RETAIL $8950 SPEC $7150 S & H $495 FOR ALL ITEMS ADD LOCAL SALES TAX IN CA CATALOG $100 USA $300 FOREIGN PRICES ARE CASH IVISAJ CARDS 6% MORE 20% DEPOSIT-COD April1993 65 LITESPAN NOW IN 36 & 72LENGTHS L-L iIt WWII P- F-4U ano NOW qu uorsair Pedal Planes will have much fun building 3-6 year old will have Flyingit Kit includes full-sized patterns complete Instructions color nhntn Ikt nf & Ii MU liOS add b/o saies tax Specify plan wanted Flight Line Toys PO Box 3484 Sorinotield MO 65808 Ii I IAVENWOOD ID VERSAILLES KY 40383 606873-5172 Fox Manufacturing Announces New User Friendly FOX 25BB SCHNEURLE new Fox 25BB motor has iron piston/steel liner gives engine real nice snappy compression free running nature engine supplied Mark X type carburetor tilt-up muffler cylinder can turned exhaust right left rear Available inRIG control line #12599Fox 25BB CLBore680 #22599Fox 25BB RCStroke680 15000RPM 9-4 PropDisp.247 Weight8 oz Fox Manufacturing Company has leader manufacturing model airplane engines accessories over 45 years Fox products MADE IN THE USA quality A-l service second Fox motors durable long lasting proper care modeler can have hundreds hours flying enjoyment Fox motors Fox motors have proven #1 competition well also introducing new ULTRA E Z CARBURETOR new carb has needle air bleed idle No need set two needle valves Crank motor set needle GO FLY new carb fits Fox motors 45 size thru 74 size Order part #27050 MADE IN AMERICA FOX MANUFACTURING CO 5305 Towson Avenue Fort Smith Arkansas 72901 Phone 501 646-1656FOXPOWER FAX 501 646-1757 FOX MOTORS BEGINNING Sh the horizontal stabilizer area including elevatorsq ft the wing area sq ft tail volume concept explained detail Light Airplane Design formulae Vh LhISW x MAC L/S x b Vh the horizontal Tail Volume Coefficient the vertical Tail Volume Coefficient 5, the vertical stabilizer area including ruddersq ft the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% vertical stabilizer MAC b span ft Mr Pazmany recommends V approximately 430 V, approximately 033 ensure stability Chart 1 shows Vh V several popular aircraft design comparison THE RESULT After applying formulae rules thumb necessary meet mission profile initially disappointed design looked very much like Grumman American Tiger now manufactured American General Aircraft Corporation Maybe friends right should just buy Tiger avoid hassle building airplane new Tiger would cost approximately $115000 fully equipped cant afford 1323 Tigers built 1975 through 1979 should still some used ones market probably could pick up under $25000 Upon further analysis however realized Tiger does meet requirements mission profile isnt towable wont fit workshop Oh well back drawing board THE NEED FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL though followed accepted methods designing aircraft question still remains will actually perform three ways predict performance testing full-scale aircraft first wind-tunnel model testing second computer simulation third radio-controlled RC model testing didnt have access first second alternatives choice build RC scale model test Determining what test next task Listed below items felt should tested priority order 1 Stall/Spin characteristics Test-flying model CG set different locations can help determine fullscale aircraft will stall spin model fails exit stall crashes thing lost model full-scale aircraft and/or 2 Stability pitch yaw roll model unstable pitch and/or yaw horizontal and/or vertical stabilizers may have enlarged model too stable roll requires excessive aileron control hold banked condition wing dihedral angle must decreased Conversely model requires constant aileron input keep wings level wing dihedral must increased Performing aerobatic maneuvers model also good way analyze stability 3 Flutter control surfaces Two things should done eliminate control surface flutter control linkages must tight rigid possible control surfaces must balanced Balancing complex consequently way can sure its done right test model 4 Control effectiveness Flying model will tell much control surface travel will needed full-scale aircraft under different flying conditions 5 Ground handling Although model will have individual main gear brakes effectiveness rudder attempting turns ground can analyzed Further nose gear can tested shimmying tendencies 6 Feature functionality following Obechi Large Sheets Please cail 509-548-5201 send SASE 12306 Bergstrasse Leavenworth WA 98826 KITES - FREE COLOR CATALOG Choose over 200 exc t ng k tes S unusual & innovat ye des gns Call write catalog Eodayl Into Wind 1 541 034 IN 1408Pearl St Boulder CO 80302 L f4Wrc6oo Learn fly planes private field Five orB day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RO Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 66 Model Aviation IDMRIRXt RI E fS PRESENTS $28500 Including Shipping Handling LOOK WHATS BEEN LIBERATED B-24D FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE NACELLES COWLS WING 108 ENGINE 4-40 FOAM WINGS & STABS ff--K- Li COMING IN APRIL Send Check Money Order BOMBER BOYS P 0 BOX ABC BRADLEY WV 25818 304 877-2336 items can tested determine function intended durability can also observed Landing gear b Folding wings c Hood canopy hatch 7 Assembly methods Building model gives good indication sequence assembly operations required full-scale aircraft operations include following Skinning b Component alignment c Canopy installation An excellent article Dynamic Modeling featured July August 1987 issues Sport Aviation explains detail use scale models simulating dynamic flight characteristics full-scale aircraft bibliography reference material have used design aircraft follows article next installment series Snipe will cover design building testing model conclusions reached concerning flight performance continued BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott Ira H Albert E Von Doenhoff Theory Wing Sections New York NY Dover Publishing Inc 1959 Bonacci Nick Aircraft Sheet Metal Casper Wyo lAP Inc 1987 Breneman John W Strength Materials 2nd ed New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc 1952 Dzik Stanley J Aircraft Hardware Standards Manual & Engineering Reference Appleton Wis Aviation Publications 1977 Hoerner Sighard F Fluid-Dynamic Drag Midland Park NJ S F Hoerner 1958 Pazmany L Landing Gear Design Light Aircraft Vol 1 San Diego Calif Pazmany Aircraft Corporation 1986 Light Aircraft Design 3rd ed San Diego Calif L Pazmany 1963 L Pazmany H Prentice C Waterman F Tietge Potential Structural Materials Design Concepts Light Airplanes Springfield Va National Technical Information Service US Department Commerce 1968 Poberezny Paul H Schmid SH Custom Built Sport Aircraft Handbook Oshkosh Wis BAA Aviation Foundation 1986 Rhodes 0 Thompson Stress Without Tears Indianapolis md Jacobs Publishing Inc 1990 Thurston David B Design Flying New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company 1978 US Government Printing Office Code Federal Regulations Title 14Aeronautics Space Parts 59 Office Federal Register National Archives Records Administration 1989 orcraftlSimpson Continued paqe 62 second side directly over first side waxed paper between Remember sides framework sheet stuff will added later Cut -in Lite Ply gear mount fit between lower fuselage longerons 5 front back Use large pins small nails securely attach building surface over waxed-paper-covered top view Use least three large right triangles hold fuselage sides vertical Make sure tail posts same height above bench dont want build twist fuselage Before gluing fuselage sides landing gear mount sand correct taper aft ends sides pulled together over plans two will total k Next glue longerons landing gear mount Carefully cut fuselage crosspieces length glue place across top cabin between uprights define cabin doors Use triangles hold Continued page 72 OPPORTUNITY OF LIFE TIME! Turn key business sale estab lished kit manufacturer Can run garage desired High profit margin Call 813- 854-KITS April 1993 67 [ ADVANCED AERO PRODUCTS YS & OS SURPASS 120 kJ1 7f/~ IEXHAIJST SYSTEMS FOR PATTERN AIRCRAFT AND ULTIMATE BWE SIUCONE COUPLERS AND TAIL PIPES AlSO AVAILABLE CALL OA WflE F WOf4ATU4DAALCR NQJIFES IfTED RT 1 BOX 366-C ANNA TX 75409 214 924-3940 CMPUIERIID MRCRA1I Pb9lS Technical Illustratiolls Suitable Framing Scale ting Scanning Services 3 Views D-TECH SYSTEMS 325 Shawnee Trail Catalog $ioa Carterville IL 62918 6189852383
Edition: Model Aviation - 1993/04
Page Numbers: 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
NO OCR TEXT potential plan sales other home-builders THE KNOWLEDGE SEARCH first step designing building light aircraft get aviation documents possible subject written laymans terms obtained mainly EAA associated organizations next step attend forums aircraft designing building annual EAA convention held Oshkosh Wisconsin addition excellent presentations given forums also opportunity discuss aircraft designing some legendary aircraft designers pilots notably Mr Steve Wittman basic fact came out U U U U U fIZZRff B U B U mini U p U i U N p p p U EUEm mu mm BIG GLOW FUEL MANUFACTURED WITH THE PUREST FINEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE * Superior Igniters Improve starting idle acceleration Youll notice power bargain fuels * Special Detergents Promote clean burning prevent residue buildup * Rust Inhibitors Protect engines corrosion After run oil needed engines * FilmStrengthAdditives- Increase lubricity provide extra lean run protection * Anti-Wear Additives Help keep engines running peak performance longer * Satisfaction Guaranteed SIG CHAMPION 2-STROKE FUEL PINTQUARTGALLON 0% Nitromethane $995 50/0 Nitromethane$325$495$1295 10% Nitrornethane$395$535$1495 15% Nitrornethane$395$625$1695 25% Nitromethane$495$795$2295 35% Nitromethane$595$895$2795 SIG PREMIUM 4-STROKE FUEL 10% Nitromethane$1395 15% Nitromethane$1625 $1295 $1495 $1695 $ 1395 $1595 SIG ALL-CASTOR FUEL 5% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 1 50h Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 5% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR THE CHOICE OF CHAMPION FLYERS over 20 years SIG has blending finest quality model engine fuel available using finest quality ingredients instance Methanol use 9950h pure very best grade money can buy also use real 100% pure Nitromethane get full measure youve paid based honest percentage-of-volume method percentage weight SIG fuels excep tion All-Castor Fuels contain 50-50 blend Bakers purest AA Castor Oil new improved Klotz Techniplate Synthetic Racing Oil maximum engine lubrication protection Based experience sincerely believe finest quality fuel can made price dont take word try some judge yourselfl FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $1500 Prices subject change notice Tall Free Orders 1-800-2475008 Modelers Hotllne 1-800-524-7805 Lstest Ostalog $300 516 MANUFACTURING CO ... Montezuma IA 50171 S64 Model Aviation * discussions experts has definite ideas home-built aircraft should made has favorite building materials techniques aircraft configuration THE TYPES OF HOME-BUILT AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION present time four popular ways construct home-built aircraft 1 Fiberglass Styrofoam usually called composite construction 2 wood usually spruce plywood 3 Steel tubing fabric plus some spruce plywood 4 metal mostly aluminum Using fiberglass Styrofoam probably fastest way complete aircraft however several disadvantages serious additional weight Excess weight causes higher wing loading turn increases stall landing speeds results less safe aircraft Another disadvantage necessity paint aircraft white white paint reflects much heat suns rays prevents softening fiberglass resin would result exposure normal sunlight Darker colors absorb heat sunlight Although white viable color aircraft dont want limited just color An all-wood aircraft would strong lightweight wood geometrically unstable subjected changes temperature humidity combustible third approach recommended Mr Steve Wittman strongly suggested consider steel tubing wood fabric aircraft construction arguments quite convincing demonstrated strength such structure sitting horizontal stabilizer Tailwind also stated very few tools needed construction using approach disadvantages inevitable deterioration fabric plus need wire- strut-bracing fourth approach ie all-metal far popular commercial builders light aircraft advantages include longevity strength light weight Metal can machined formed accurately because relatively insensitive temperature humidity CHART 1 AIRPLANESShS MACbLhLVhVy ftftftif PiperJ31785245102533352132134340022 Piper Cherokee1600230108508300131131371029 Cessna 1501600237117480333130131390029 Pazmany PL-11160180102414280114106430033 Snipe130023089510255123128428034 Ryan Navion1840428146522334155169692040 Note All 5 square feet disadvantages need tools fixtures task driving bucking about 15000 rivets per aircraft Although feel could build aircraft using above techniques am comfortable working metal because background machine tools THE MISSION PROFILE important thing before building aircraft establishing mission profile defining what want airplane homebuilders fail address subject consequently end up aircraft doesnt fulfill needs mission profile basic required lot introspection includes following 1 Payload four 170-lb passengers including pilot plus 60 lb baggage 2 Range 600 statute miles 45 minutes reserve fuel 3 Cruising speed 155 mph minimum 75% power 4 Stall speed 61 mph maximum gross weight 5 Transportability Towable US highways 6 Storabilixy Stowable area 10-ft wide x 22-ft long x 8-ft high 7 Passenger environment Controlled heating cooling 8 Power plant 150-200 horsepower aircraft automotive engine 9 Rate climb 800 fpm minimum gross weight sea level 10 Design load limits 9Gs 45Gs two 190-lb passengers 300 lb fuel 11 Safety features fuel wings emergency exit low wing tractor propeller tricycle gear 12 Equipment night-flight legal modem communication navigation gear THE AIRCRAFT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Two excellent books available contain instructions convert mission profile actual aircraft design specifications Light Airplane Design Ladislao Pazmany Design Flying David B Thurston using references able detennine what physical characteristics airplane should have designing aircraft critical component airplane its wing maximum cruise stall speeds greatly influenced wings area aspect ratio flap type area airfoil Selecting airfoil very much like selecting spouse can spend lot time analyzing whats available can ask lot people recommenda tions end amounts selecting gives best balance speed gentle handling stall characteris tics airfoil selected NACA 63 series recommended Mr Pazmany analyzed other airfoils listed book Theory Wing Sections Ira H Abbott Albert E Von Doenhoff before finally decided NACA airfoil large extent horsepower engine controls takeoff distance rate climb cruise maximum speeds assumes propeller sized correctly application fixed-pitch prop however either maximum speed rate climb can optimized both center-of-gravity CG tail volume affect stability aircraft Mr Chris Heintz noted aeronautical engineer stated forum conducted 1989 EAA Convention order ensure stability pitch forward CG Bandits 1 OClock conventionally designed aircraft should located no less 16% MAC mean aerodynamic chord wing rectangular wing MAC actual chord same also said rear CG limit should no percent chord calculated following formula Rear CG limit 17 LhIMAC x ShISv) x 100 Lh the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% horizontal stabilizer MAC QR/C GOODIES 2828 Cochran St Suite 281805 581-5061 Simi Valley Ca 93065 93 MODEL ACCESSORIES SHRINK SHEETS SPF 110 GRAM Rh S&HTO7 LITESPAN ALU dUU DOUBLE THIS QUANTITY $500 LR TAYLOR POWER PACER E-AI21E TC EINID. GREAT AIRPLANE SAVERI CHARGES &CYCLESTX&RX ~L BATTERIESSHOWS BATTERY CAPACITY REMAINING WARNS OF BAD CELLS IN PACK BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO FLY AIRCRAFT RETAIL $8950 SPEC $7150 S & H $495 FOR ALL ITEMS ADD LOCAL SALES TAX IN CA CATALOG $100 USA $300 FOREIGN PRICES ARE CASH IVISAJ CARDS 6% MORE 20% DEPOSIT-COD April1993 65 LITESPAN NOW IN 36 & 72LENGTHS L-L iIt WWII P- F-4U ano NOW qu uorsair Pedal Planes will have much fun building 3-6 year old will have Flyingit Kit includes full-sized patterns complete Instructions color nhntn Ikt nf & Ii MU liOS add b/o saies tax Specify plan wanted Flight Line Toys PO Box 3484 Sorinotield MO 65808 Ii I IAVENWOOD ID VERSAILLES KY 40383 606873-5172 Fox Manufacturing Announces New User Friendly FOX 25BB SCHNEURLE new Fox 25BB motor has iron piston/steel liner gives engine real nice snappy compression free running nature engine supplied Mark X type carburetor tilt-up muffler cylinder can turned exhaust right left rear Available inRIG control line #12599Fox 25BB CLBore680 #22599Fox 25BB RCStroke680 15000RPM 9-4 PropDisp.247 Weight8 oz Fox Manufacturing Company has leader manufacturing model airplane engines accessories over 45 years Fox products MADE IN THE USA quality A-l service second Fox motors durable long lasting proper care modeler can have hundreds hours flying enjoyment Fox motors Fox motors have proven #1 competition well also introducing new ULTRA E Z CARBURETOR new carb has needle air bleed idle No need set two needle valves Crank motor set needle GO FLY new carb fits Fox motors 45 size thru 74 size Order part #27050 MADE IN AMERICA FOX MANUFACTURING CO 5305 Towson Avenue Fort Smith Arkansas 72901 Phone 501 646-1656FOXPOWER FAX 501 646-1757 FOX MOTORS BEGINNING Sh the horizontal stabilizer area including elevatorsq ft the wing area sq ft tail volume concept explained detail Light Airplane Design formulae Vh LhISW x MAC L/S x b Vh the horizontal Tail Volume Coefficient the vertical Tail Volume Coefficient 5, the vertical stabilizer area including ruddersq ft the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% vertical stabilizer MAC b span ft Mr Pazmany recommends V approximately 430 V, approximately 033 ensure stability Chart 1 shows Vh V several popular aircraft design comparison THE RESULT After applying formulae rules thumb necessary meet mission profile initially disappointed design looked very much like Grumman American Tiger now manufactured American General Aircraft Corporation Maybe friends right should just buy Tiger avoid hassle building airplane new Tiger would cost approximately $115000 fully equipped cant afford 1323 Tigers built 1975 through 1979 should still some used ones market probably could pick up under $25000 Upon further analysis however realized Tiger does meet requirements mission profile isnt towable wont fit workshop Oh well back drawing board THE NEED FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL though followed accepted methods designing aircraft question still remains will actually perform three ways predict performance testing full-scale aircraft first wind-tunnel model testing second computer simulation third radio-controlled RC model testing didnt have access first second alternatives choice build RC scale model test Determining what test next task Listed below items felt should tested priority order 1 Stall/Spin characteristics Test-flying model CG set different locations can help determine fullscale aircraft will stall spin model fails exit stall crashes thing lost model full-scale aircraft and/or 2 Stability pitch yaw roll model unstable pitch and/or yaw horizontal and/or vertical stabilizers may have enlarged model too stable roll requires excessive aileron control hold banked condition wing dihedral angle must decreased Conversely model requires constant aileron input keep wings level wing dihedral must increased Performing aerobatic maneuvers model also good way analyze stability 3 Flutter control surfaces Two things should done eliminate control surface flutter control linkages must tight rigid possible control surfaces must balanced Balancing complex consequently way can sure its done right test model 4 Control effectiveness Flying model will tell much control surface travel will needed full-scale aircraft under different flying conditions 5 Ground handling Although model will have individual main gear brakes effectiveness rudder attempting turns ground can analyzed Further nose gear can tested shimmying tendencies 6 Feature functionality following Obechi Large Sheets Please cail 509-548-5201 send SASE 12306 Bergstrasse Leavenworth WA 98826 KITES - FREE COLOR CATALOG Choose over 200 exc t ng k tes S unusual & innovat ye des gns Call write catalog Eodayl Into Wind 1 541 034 IN 1408Pearl St Boulder CO 80302 L f4Wrc6oo Learn fly planes private field Five orB day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RO Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 66 Model Aviation IDMRIRXt RI E fS PRESENTS $28500 Including Shipping Handling LOOK WHATS BEEN LIBERATED B-24D FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE NACELLES COWLS WING 108 ENGINE 4-40 FOAM WINGS & STABS ff--K- Li COMING IN APRIL Send Check Money Order BOMBER BOYS P 0 BOX ABC BRADLEY WV 25818 304 877-2336 items can tested determine function intended durability can also observed Landing gear b Folding wings c Hood canopy hatch 7 Assembly methods Building model gives good indication sequence assembly operations required full-scale aircraft operations include following Skinning b Component alignment c Canopy installation An excellent article Dynamic Modeling featured July August 1987 issues Sport Aviation explains detail use scale models simulating dynamic flight characteristics full-scale aircraft bibliography reference material have used design aircraft follows article next installment series Snipe will cover design building testing model conclusions reached concerning flight performance continued BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott Ira H Albert E Von Doenhoff Theory Wing Sections New York NY Dover Publishing Inc 1959 Bonacci Nick Aircraft Sheet Metal Casper Wyo lAP Inc 1987 Breneman John W Strength Materials 2nd ed New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc 1952 Dzik Stanley J Aircraft Hardware Standards Manual & Engineering Reference Appleton Wis Aviation Publications 1977 Hoerner Sighard F Fluid-Dynamic Drag Midland Park NJ S F Hoerner 1958 Pazmany L Landing Gear Design Light Aircraft Vol 1 San Diego Calif Pazmany Aircraft Corporation 1986 Light Aircraft Design 3rd ed San Diego Calif L Pazmany 1963 L Pazmany H Prentice C Waterman F Tietge Potential Structural Materials Design Concepts Light Airplanes Springfield Va National Technical Information Service US Department Commerce 1968 Poberezny Paul H Schmid SH Custom Built Sport Aircraft Handbook Oshkosh Wis BAA Aviation Foundation 1986 Rhodes 0 Thompson Stress Without Tears Indianapolis md Jacobs Publishing Inc 1990 Thurston David B Design Flying New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company 1978 US Government Printing Office Code Federal Regulations Title 14Aeronautics Space Parts 59 Office Federal Register National Archives Records Administration 1989 orcraftlSimpson Continued paqe 62 second side directly over first side waxed paper between Remember sides framework sheet stuff will added later Cut -in Lite Ply gear mount fit between lower fuselage longerons 5 front back Use large pins small nails securely attach building surface over waxed-paper-covered top view Use least three large right triangles hold fuselage sides vertical Make sure tail posts same height above bench dont want build twist fuselage Before gluing fuselage sides landing gear mount sand correct taper aft ends sides pulled together over plans two will total k Next glue longerons landing gear mount Carefully cut fuselage crosspieces length glue place across top cabin between uprights define cabin doors Use triangles hold Continued page 72 OPPORTUNITY OF LIFE TIME! Turn key business sale estab lished kit manufacturer Can run garage desired High profit margin Call 813- 854-KITS April 1993 67 [ ADVANCED AERO PRODUCTS YS & OS SURPASS 120 kJ1 7f/~ IEXHAIJST SYSTEMS FOR PATTERN AIRCRAFT AND ULTIMATE BWE SIUCONE COUPLERS AND TAIL PIPES AlSO AVAILABLE CALL OA WflE F WOf4ATU4DAALCR NQJIFES IfTED RT 1 BOX 366-C ANNA TX 75409 214 924-3940 CMPUIERIID MRCRA1I Pb9lS Technical Illustratiolls Suitable Framing Scale ting Scanning Services 3 Views D-TECH SYSTEMS 325 Shawnee Trail Catalog $ioa Carterville IL 62918 6189852383
Edition: Model Aviation - 1993/04
Page Numbers: 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
NO OCR TEXT potential plan sales other home-builders THE KNOWLEDGE SEARCH first step designing building light aircraft get aviation documents possible subject written laymans terms obtained mainly EAA associated organizations next step attend forums aircraft designing building annual EAA convention held Oshkosh Wisconsin addition excellent presentations given forums also opportunity discuss aircraft designing some legendary aircraft designers pilots notably Mr Steve Wittman basic fact came out U U U U U fIZZRff B U B U mini U p U i U N p p p U EUEm mu mm BIG GLOW FUEL MANUFACTURED WITH THE PUREST FINEST QUALITY INGREDIENTS AVAILABLE * Superior Igniters Improve starting idle acceleration Youll notice power bargain fuels * Special Detergents Promote clean burning prevent residue buildup * Rust Inhibitors Protect engines corrosion After run oil needed engines * FilmStrengthAdditives- Increase lubricity provide extra lean run protection * Anti-Wear Additives Help keep engines running peak performance longer * Satisfaction Guaranteed SIG CHAMPION 2-STROKE FUEL PINTQUARTGALLON 0% Nitromethane $995 50/0 Nitromethane$325$495$1295 10% Nitrornethane$395$535$1495 15% Nitrornethane$395$625$1695 25% Nitromethane$495$795$2295 35% Nitromethane$595$895$2795 SIG PREMIUM 4-STROKE FUEL 10% Nitromethane$1395 15% Nitromethane$1625 $1295 $1495 $1695 $ 1395 $1595 SIG ALL-CASTOR FUEL 5% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 1 50h Nitromethane 20% CASTOR 5% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR 10% Nitromethane 25% CASTOR THE CHOICE OF CHAMPION FLYERS over 20 years SIG has blending finest quality model engine fuel available using finest quality ingredients instance Methanol use 9950h pure very best grade money can buy also use real 100% pure Nitromethane get full measure youve paid based honest percentage-of-volume method percentage weight SIG fuels excep tion All-Castor Fuels contain 50-50 blend Bakers purest AA Castor Oil new improved Klotz Techniplate Synthetic Racing Oil maximum engine lubrication protection Based experience sincerely believe finest quality fuel can made price dont take word try some judge yourselfl FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OVER $1500 Prices subject change notice Tall Free Orders 1-800-2475008 Modelers Hotllne 1-800-524-7805 Lstest Ostalog $300 516 MANUFACTURING CO ... Montezuma IA 50171 S64 Model Aviation * discussions experts has definite ideas home-built aircraft should made has favorite building materials techniques aircraft configuration THE TYPES OF HOME-BUILT AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION present time four popular ways construct home-built aircraft 1 Fiberglass Styrofoam usually called composite construction 2 wood usually spruce plywood 3 Steel tubing fabric plus some spruce plywood 4 metal mostly aluminum Using fiberglass Styrofoam probably fastest way complete aircraft however several disadvantages serious additional weight Excess weight causes higher wing loading turn increases stall landing speeds results less safe aircraft Another disadvantage necessity paint aircraft white white paint reflects much heat suns rays prevents softening fiberglass resin would result exposure normal sunlight Darker colors absorb heat sunlight Although white viable color aircraft dont want limited just color An all-wood aircraft would strong lightweight wood geometrically unstable subjected changes temperature humidity combustible third approach recommended Mr Steve Wittman strongly suggested consider steel tubing wood fabric aircraft construction arguments quite convincing demonstrated strength such structure sitting horizontal stabilizer Tailwind also stated very few tools needed construction using approach disadvantages inevitable deterioration fabric plus need wire- strut-bracing fourth approach ie all-metal far popular commercial builders light aircraft advantages include longevity strength light weight Metal can machined formed accurately because relatively insensitive temperature humidity CHART 1 AIRPLANESShS MACbLhLVhVy ftftftif PiperJ31785245102533352132134340022 Piper Cherokee1600230108508300131131371029 Cessna 1501600237117480333130131390029 Pazmany PL-11160180102414280114106430033 Snipe130023089510255123128428034 Ryan Navion1840428146522334155169692040 Note All 5 square feet disadvantages need tools fixtures task driving bucking about 15000 rivets per aircraft Although feel could build aircraft using above techniques am comfortable working metal because background machine tools THE MISSION PROFILE important thing before building aircraft establishing mission profile defining what want airplane homebuilders fail address subject consequently end up aircraft doesnt fulfill needs mission profile basic required lot introspection includes following 1 Payload four 170-lb passengers including pilot plus 60 lb baggage 2 Range 600 statute miles 45 minutes reserve fuel 3 Cruising speed 155 mph minimum 75% power 4 Stall speed 61 mph maximum gross weight 5 Transportability Towable US highways 6 Storabilixy Stowable area 10-ft wide x 22-ft long x 8-ft high 7 Passenger environment Controlled heating cooling 8 Power plant 150-200 horsepower aircraft automotive engine 9 Rate climb 800 fpm minimum gross weight sea level 10 Design load limits 9Gs 45Gs two 190-lb passengers 300 lb fuel 11 Safety features fuel wings emergency exit low wing tractor propeller tricycle gear 12 Equipment night-flight legal modem communication navigation gear THE AIRCRAFT DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Two excellent books available contain instructions convert mission profile actual aircraft design specifications Light Airplane Design Ladislao Pazmany Design Flying David B Thurston using references able detennine what physical characteristics airplane should have designing aircraft critical component airplane its wing maximum cruise stall speeds greatly influenced wings area aspect ratio flap type area airfoil Selecting airfoil very much like selecting spouse can spend lot time analyzing whats available can ask lot people recommenda tions end amounts selecting gives best balance speed gentle handling stall characteris tics airfoil selected NACA 63 series recommended Mr Pazmany analyzed other airfoils listed book Theory Wing Sections Ira H Abbott Albert E Von Doenhoff before finally decided NACA airfoil large extent horsepower engine controls takeoff distance rate climb cruise maximum speeds assumes propeller sized correctly application fixed-pitch prop however either maximum speed rate climb can optimized both center-of-gravity CG tail volume affect stability aircraft Mr Chris Heintz noted aeronautical engineer stated forum conducted 1989 EAA Convention order ensure stability pitch forward CG Bandits 1 OClock conventionally designed aircraft should located no less 16% MAC mean aerodynamic chord wing rectangular wing MAC actual chord same also said rear CG limit should no percent chord calculated following formula Rear CG limit 17 LhIMAC x ShISv) x 100 Lh the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% horizontal stabilizer MAC QR/C GOODIES 2828 Cochran St Suite 281805 581-5061 Simi Valley Ca 93065 93 MODEL ACCESSORIES SHRINK SHEETS SPF 110 GRAM Rh S&HTO7 LITESPAN ALU dUU DOUBLE THIS QUANTITY $500 LR TAYLOR POWER PACER E-AI21E TC EINID. GREAT AIRPLANE SAVERI CHARGES &CYCLESTX&RX ~L BATTERIESSHOWS BATTERY CAPACITY REMAINING WARNS OF BAD CELLS IN PACK BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO FLY AIRCRAFT RETAIL $8950 SPEC $7150 S & H $495 FOR ALL ITEMS ADD LOCAL SALES TAX IN CA CATALOG $100 USA $300 FOREIGN PRICES ARE CASH IVISAJ CARDS 6% MORE 20% DEPOSIT-COD April1993 65 LITESPAN NOW IN 36 & 72LENGTHS L-L iIt WWII P- F-4U ano NOW qu uorsair Pedal Planes will have much fun building 3-6 year old will have Flyingit Kit includes full-sized patterns complete Instructions color nhntn Ikt nf & Ii MU liOS add b/o saies tax Specify plan wanted Flight Line Toys PO Box 3484 Sorinotield MO 65808 Ii I IAVENWOOD ID VERSAILLES KY 40383 606873-5172 Fox Manufacturing Announces New User Friendly FOX 25BB SCHNEURLE new Fox 25BB motor has iron piston/steel liner gives engine real nice snappy compression free running nature engine supplied Mark X type carburetor tilt-up muffler cylinder can turned exhaust right left rear Available inRIG control line #12599Fox 25BB CLBore680 #22599Fox 25BB RCStroke680 15000RPM 9-4 PropDisp.247 Weight8 oz Fox Manufacturing Company has leader manufacturing model airplane engines accessories over 45 years Fox products MADE IN THE USA quality A-l service second Fox motors durable long lasting proper care modeler can have hundreds hours flying enjoyment Fox motors Fox motors have proven #1 competition well also introducing new ULTRA E Z CARBURETOR new carb has needle air bleed idle No need set two needle valves Crank motor set needle GO FLY new carb fits Fox motors 45 size thru 74 size Order part #27050 MADE IN AMERICA FOX MANUFACTURING CO 5305 Towson Avenue Fort Smith Arkansas 72901 Phone 501 646-1656FOXPOWER FAX 501 646-1757 FOX MOTORS BEGINNING Sh the horizontal stabilizer area including elevatorsq ft the wing area sq ft tail volume concept explained detail Light Airplane Design formulae Vh LhISW x MAC L/S x b Vh the horizontal Tail Volume Coefficient the vertical Tail Volume Coefficient 5, the vertical stabilizer area including ruddersq ft the distance ft point located 25% wing MAC point 25% vertical stabilizer MAC b span ft Mr Pazmany recommends V approximately 430 V, approximately 033 ensure stability Chart 1 shows Vh V several popular aircraft design comparison THE RESULT After applying formulae rules thumb necessary meet mission profile initially disappointed design looked very much like Grumman American Tiger now manufactured American General Aircraft Corporation Maybe friends right should just buy Tiger avoid hassle building airplane new Tiger would cost approximately $115000 fully equipped cant afford 1323 Tigers built 1975 through 1979 should still some used ones market probably could pick up under $25000 Upon further analysis however realized Tiger does meet requirements mission profile isnt towable wont fit workshop Oh well back drawing board THE NEED FOR PROTOTYPE MODEL though followed accepted methods designing aircraft question still remains will actually perform three ways predict performance testing full-scale aircraft first wind-tunnel model testing second computer simulation third radio-controlled RC model testing didnt have access first second alternatives choice build RC scale model test Determining what test next task Listed below items felt should tested priority order 1 Stall/Spin characteristics Test-flying model CG set different locations can help determine fullscale aircraft will stall spin model fails exit stall crashes thing lost model full-scale aircraft and/or 2 Stability pitch yaw roll model unstable pitch and/or yaw horizontal and/or vertical stabilizers may have enlarged model too stable roll requires excessive aileron control hold banked condition wing dihedral angle must decreased Conversely model requires constant aileron input keep wings level wing dihedral must increased Performing aerobatic maneuvers model also good way analyze stability 3 Flutter control surfaces Two things should done eliminate control surface flutter control linkages must tight rigid possible control surfaces must balanced Balancing complex consequently way can sure its done right test model 4 Control effectiveness Flying model will tell much control surface travel will needed full-scale aircraft under different flying conditions 5 Ground handling Although model will have individual main gear brakes effectiveness rudder attempting turns ground can analyzed Further nose gear can tested shimmying tendencies 6 Feature functionality following Obechi Large Sheets Please cail 509-548-5201 send SASE 12306 Bergstrasse Leavenworth WA 98826 KITES - FREE COLOR CATALOG Choose over 200 exc t ng k tes S unusual & innovat ye des gns Call write catalog Eodayl Into Wind 1 541 034 IN 1408Pearl St Boulder CO 80302 L f4Wrc6oo Learn fly planes private field Five orB day course $350 Open year round Send SASE complete info Southwest RO Flying 2818 Carolina NE Albuquerque NM 87110505-832-6394 66 Model Aviation IDMRIRXt RI E fS PRESENTS $28500 Including Shipping Handling LOOK WHATS BEEN LIBERATED B-24D FIBERGLASS FUSELAGE NACELLES COWLS WING 108 ENGINE 4-40 FOAM WINGS & STABS ff--K- Li COMING IN APRIL Send Check Money Order BOMBER BOYS P 0 BOX ABC BRADLEY WV 25818 304 877-2336 items can tested determine function intended durability can also observed Landing gear b Folding wings c Hood canopy hatch 7 Assembly methods Building model gives good indication sequence assembly operations required full-scale aircraft operations include following Skinning b Component alignment c Canopy installation An excellent article Dynamic Modeling featured July August 1987 issues Sport Aviation explains detail use scale models simulating dynamic flight characteristics full-scale aircraft bibliography reference material have used design aircraft follows article next installment series Snipe will cover design building testing model conclusions reached concerning flight performance continued BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott Ira H Albert E Von Doenhoff Theory Wing Sections New York NY Dover Publishing Inc 1959 Bonacci Nick Aircraft Sheet Metal Casper Wyo lAP Inc 1987 Breneman John W Strength Materials 2nd ed New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc 1952 Dzik Stanley J Aircraft Hardware Standards Manual & Engineering Reference Appleton Wis Aviation Publications 1977 Hoerner Sighard F Fluid-Dynamic Drag Midland Park NJ S F Hoerner 1958 Pazmany L Landing Gear Design Light Aircraft Vol 1 San Diego Calif Pazmany Aircraft Corporation 1986 Light Aircraft Design 3rd ed San Diego Calif L Pazmany 1963 L Pazmany H Prentice C Waterman F Tietge Potential Structural Materials Design Concepts Light Airplanes Springfield Va National Technical Information Service US Department Commerce 1968 Poberezny Paul H Schmid SH Custom Built Sport Aircraft Handbook Oshkosh Wis BAA Aviation Foundation 1986 Rhodes 0 Thompson Stress Without Tears Indianapolis md Jacobs Publishing Inc 1990 Thurston David B Design Flying New York NY McGraw-Hill Book Company 1978 US Government Printing Office Code Federal Regulations Title 14Aeronautics Space Parts 59 Office Federal Register National Archives Records Administration 1989 orcraftlSimpson Continued paqe 62 second side directly over first side waxed paper between Remember sides framework sheet stuff will added later Cut -in Lite Ply gear mount fit between lower fuselage longerons 5 front back Use large pins small nails securely attach building surface over waxed-paper-covered top view Use least three large right triangles hold fuselage sides vertical Make sure tail posts same height above bench dont want build twist fuselage Before gluing fuselage sides landing gear mount sand correct taper aft ends sides pulled together over plans two will total k Next glue longerons landing gear mount Carefully cut fuselage crosspieces length glue place across top cabin between uprights define cabin doors Use triangles hold Continued page 72 OPPORTUNITY OF LIFE TIME! 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