A CORRECTION has made August column page 135 three tables have consistent error RPM col umn numbers shown 10 times too small Somehow dropped 0 example first rpm value should 11830 1183 shown true rpm values three tables Im sorry caused anyone trouble DEAF stands Dallas Electric Aircraft Fliers holding third annual Electric Fly-In Saturday October 7 club flying field paved runway Simonds Park Segoville TX meet scheduled 900 am 430 pm general fun-fly All-Up/Last-Down event Gliders nonGliders info contact CD Frank Kor man 5834 Goodwin Dallas TX 75206 tele phone 1-214/821-0393 after five oclock local time Frank tells largest Electric meet Texas folks run looking grow moreso lets sure help achieve goal Tentative plans announced column last month October Electric meet Cape Cod now theyve become firm plans Its called Fifth Annual Southeastern Mass Elec tric Fly year its being hosted both Cape Cod RC Club Discover Flying RC Club CD Charlie Sylvia can reach him 31 Perry St Middleboro MA 02346 Charlie CS Flight Systemsin case name sounded familiar meet two-day affair scheduled October 28-29 Events include AMA 610 611 plus Loops Duration events day separate separate regi strations $8 So Just thought season over East Coast heres Electric meet rescue Tell Charlie ya read MA bare-bones Mirage pictured col umn July issue just happens three Electrics given away Tenth Annual KRC Electric Fly September 1617 some facts figures frame work As pictured wing weighs 6 oz tail group hinges horns comes 1 oz fuselage including landing gear cowling wheels pants pushrods another 8 oz Thus bones total pound Ive chance fly Mirage different can tell great flyin plane six l2-Ah Ni-Cds running kit Turbo 550 motor power combination adequate maintain shallow steady safe climb plane becomes alive seven cells would expect will ROG short grass either pack speed control adds another fun dimension beyond would personally consider necessity seven-cell pack because motor current goes up considerably seven cells Id feel better about motor brush life speed control allowing highest power needed throttling back adequate power other times flight characteristics Mirage smooth steadydefinitely comfortablewith no funnies Based hands-on experience can heartily recommend Goldberg Mirage best thing builder pilot flew well inexperienced Mi rage working out very well him train erwhich what its supposed happen wondering 58 Model Aviation Radio Conoi Electrics Bob Kopski 25 West End Dr Lansdale PA 19446 Bill Mickey Bowne brought pair interesting Electrics LVRCS weekend fly-in Mickeys twin Leisure 05-powered Northrop F-iS La photo recon version P-61 Black Widow uses 14 800-mAh cells motors wired series All-up weight plane about 54 oz beat Kopski Sundays All-Up/Last-Down event Bills Yak 50 above mototates cobalt 25 direct drive using 14 800-mAh cells All-up weight 54 scratchbuilt uses sheet-covered foam wing Bill designed using com puter program written Chuck Cunninghams column RCM two shots same model Tony Fiori Zieglerville PA built pair P-Si Mustangs old Dyna Flite kits Larger L 60-size powered geared 40 cobalt All-up weight 8 lb including retracts Its power pack 18 1200-mAh Ni-Cds con trolled Jomar SC-4 Smaller Mustang R 40-size geared 15 cobalt turning 12 x B prop does job All-up weight about 70 other two giveaway Electrics UHU Skyvolt latter just also happened pictured bare bones same July column Speed controls mentioned above some thoughts subject Im personally very big speed controls can tell Ex cept Astro Challenger Leisure Lanzo Bomber Electrics seven others have speed controls reason dont have em Glider Old-Timer because used climb-and-glide motor On/Oft craft Anyway Ive lot experience speed controls have developed some personal feel ings preferences subject over years have choice Ill always choose control thats optically isolated means speed control cable connects receiver throttle servo connector does electrically tie receiver speed control together throt tle signal transmitted speed control circui try optically device latter called what elsean Opto Coupler So what Well lack direct connection radio motor subsystems has real advantage average less motor noise gets receiver experience can re sult noticeably less glitching flight long As best can tell speed controls designed six cells able use optical couplersbut does mean Its Continued page 157 SAV5 YOUR FIELD SNUF LER muffler low cost easy install lightweight sound reducing muffler no performance penalty answer AMA muffler rule suggestions saving flying fields Meets AMA muffler rule suggestions 3 10 decibels quieter stock muffler No power loss possible 300-500 RPM increase improves engine idle s better fuel economy Easily attached 25-108 stock mufflers Heat corrosion resistant Black E coat finish No special adapters required Weighs 35 oza Fits ASP BRAT ENYA FOX HP IRVINE K & B OS MAX ROYAL YS SUPER TIGRE mufflers fbi available si hobby shop ORDER DIRECT immediate shipment ChecK MO Visa MC COD accepted Add $250 UPS $2tOlor COD 6% salesias Calif resident SEMI-SCALE Radio Control Sport/Trainer Wirrg span e7 3I4 LengtC 37 rIo see Locai Deaier PAUL K GUILLOW INC WAKEFIELD MA 01880 October 1989 59 Ron Andrews Binghamton NY area DSC Fly Baby Rossi Super Stock 05 RC car motor pulls around sky help 8 x 4 prop seven 800-mAh Ni-Cd cells Model weighs very light 32 oz $2495 CAT NO BOO Al Veagle Willimatic CT uses geared co balt 15 original design 52-in model weighs about 57 oz 12-cell bat tery pack SM-4 speed control Prop 11 x 7 Kopski flew liked 5I6i Salisfaction Guaranteed EAv HINE-EEZ SH71O Pkg of24 $295 THE HIGH-TECH HINGE DESIGNED FOR THE CYANOACRYLATE AGE Easier inslali other hinge No gouging picking messy epoxies Simply cut single knife Slot hinge slide ihe hinges place apply few drops favorite CA glue youre done SUPER FAST SUPER EASY SUPER STRONG 7de S&jt ce4 MFG CO INC.401-7 So Front St Montezuma IA 50171 623-5154 peck Silver-Streak 035 LUIRIC SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ONLY 26 OZ USES LESS CURRENT TURNS 63 PROP 12000 RPM 66 AMPS IDEAL FOR SMALL RIC & FREE FLIGHT MOTOR ONLY *1995 CATALOG #30 O PHONE 619 448 18 18 BOX 2498-MA ESA CA 92044 RC Old-Timers/Mathews Continued page 153 rule Scorpion tends balance nose-heavy CU should chord weight should close 10-oz rule possible Scorpion satisfying model build fly its thin wing airfoil has really good climbeven O&R 29 doesnt have power some repro 29s glide isnt good some floaters much faster outstanding windy weather Notice Jerry doesnt say anything about spiral stability Obviously radio installed Scorpion has something going Plans No 4E3 available John Pond OldTime Plan Service 253 No 4th St PO Box 90310 San Jose CA 95109-3310 An anatomical impossibility started make heading paragraph Wanna put Tiger Scorpion isnt sensible Herb WahI Box 61 Forksville PA 18616 cur rently manufacturing reproductions Bunch Tiger engine familiar Herbs previous Brown Ohlsson reproduc tions can attest quality work recommend him sky Tiger later Bunch engine looks much like Mighty Midget/Gwinn Aero shown reproduced ad Contact Herb WahI availability price reproductions Another option Forster 29 35 power plants being reproduced RJL Industries out California Forsters original casting dies being used new engines being ma chined modern computer-controlled units Both late-model front-intake ver sions engines however equipped original-style Forster ignition timers Phantom P-30 fuel tanks aspect oper ation find fascinating fact engines being boxed original re printed Forster boxes Fifties will clude original Forster instruction sheets Write RJL Industries PO Box 5 Sierra Madre CA 91024 telephone 1-818/359-0016 Now heres slow builder Back Sixties Seventies sons compet ing Nats level fun aspects Na tionals Scale cage Back 100 FF Scale entries placed chickenwire cage mounted risers handful RC Scale ships would too well lots CL Scale planes view first day meet until night before Scale event flown Since Navy host meet Scale cage usually hangar separate larger housed contestant workbenches model boxes Yes model competed Nats built right meet workbenches particularly Free Flights Both hangars full activity late hours night some modelers actually working entries night competition flights next day great fun unforgettable experience now long gone Nats chief judges event directors Free Flightand occasion ally CLevents wonderfully efficient friendly couple named Bill Irene Knepp Sons still recall fondly day As years have worn have managed keep touch Bill has frequently provided three-views full-scale aircraft rare would question authentic ity integrity source year ago Bill sent photo re cently completed Buccaneer Standard three-view column October 1986 following story Way back dim days September 1937 entered Gas model contest Scranton PA Bill Effinger Owner Berkeley Models small Buccaneer also new Super Buccaneer small interested said hed have kit Out few months t days really meant box full balsa strips sheet blocks builder took early 1938 sent kit began building However enlisted Navy May year sold partially completed Buc caneer Standard friends really never built few years ago ordered plans new version WE Technical Services sappointed beefed up structure much called Fox 40 power opinion would way too much So fi nally put drawings board traced outlines onto some clean paper drew own structure much along lines wrote about mounted 05 25 first flew last spring flies beautifully 5 lb OS turns 11 x 6 prop doesnt know difference close what dreamed about original started long ago So took Bill Knepp 50 years get Buc caneer Standard air Some us have started projects should have left trash man first place RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 59 up find Out Conversely speed controls intended used fewer six cells pretty much have hard-wired receiver technical reasons latter fol low Speed controls use MOSFETs metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistorEd cho sen very low On-resistance low-R FETs need six volts little gate drive signal Normally gate signal comes motor-battery-powered speed-control electronics Speed controls intended used fewer six motor cells have utilize receiver battery way another add lower motor battery voltage make up necessary tal gate drive voltage What means such controls can t use optical coupling re ceiver its battery must hard-wired motor control electronics Now know some low-cell-count speed controls may glitch ier others Another speed control preference power control signal motor high rate rather frame rate now just want describe difference save reasons future column high-rate type control uses high switching rate power on/off proportionally control motor types typically produce audible sound motor itself easily recognized low throttle settings whine motor singing frame-rate types use basic transmitter signal frame timing usually around 50 Hz LEARNING TO FLY RADIO CONTROL MODEL AIRPLANES Book Taught Tens Thousands covers * Selecting First Plane * Beginners First Turns * The Stall Friends * Takeoffs Landings * Simple Aerobatics * Deadstick Landings * Flying High Winds * Advanced Aerobatics * Teaching Yourself Absolutely Have copy send $995 plus $100 postage handling CARROLL CONSULTING Box 3391 Arlington VA 22201 October 1989 157 Dont Fly Like Buy Book FIBERGLASS PARTS Over 237 cowls kit scratch built models Also over 34 round cowls ranging 4 14-7/8 diameter 55 diff size & shape wheel pants custom Make Parts Vacuum Form Canopies Plome mmd $1 couplet kt TAD FIBERILASS SPECIALTIES 38624 Mt Kisco Dr Sterling l-lgts Ml 48310 PHONE 313421-6358 RUlED & HEAITREAIEO WIRE GEARS & CASAWES PHONE 313 978-2512 PERFECT PATTERNS Fly perfect patterns time F&Es very affordable fiberglass-and-foam pattern planes Vertigo Ii- oldie goodie 65 span 50 fuselage 600 total wing area Designed 60 power Trike gear Kit #A-1038 $9995 md shipping Phoenix V VI proven trophy-winners board renowned Don Lowe Choose 3 sizes power requirements suit own competitive needs Phoenix V 40 Kit #A-1026 $7995 Phoenix V 60 Kit #A-1027 $8995 Phoenix VI 80 Kit #A-1028 $9995 md shipping Cure-Air aerobat anhedral 64 span 680 l wing area Special anhedral stabs make Cure-Air behave like dream t side up upside down 60 power Kit #A-1006 $9995 md shipping F&E kits feature precision-molded fiberglass fuselages balsa-covered foam wings reduced weight Write call FREE 16-p catalog pattern planes stand-off scale current classic warbirds trainer today I Farnsworth & Elroy Inc I-I 1836 Stout Drive inster PA 18974 675-9882 clock power flow motor sound can heard too being low rate often sounds like rattle rumble motor model framework coveringespecially gear drives Ill have some interesting experimental re suits present future two types controls behavior Another preference Ive developed liking MOSFETs attached common metal heat sink like row MOS FETs standing air metal mounting tabs sharing common heat sink reasoning runs like several MOS FETs used controls usually two wired parallel share controlling motor However very unlikely several FETs will electrically identical dinarily some performance variations FET FET same type have found typically bunch gets hotter next hottest hot another etc clear indicator MOSFETs sharing equally job hand Attaching MOSFET mounting tabs common heat sink helps equalize tempera tures among just feel whole lot bet ter case Other features like include two adjustments both stick position stick range can ad justed means trim screw used set beginning power application motor chosen amount stick trim motion off limit other trim screw assures full power applied just before other limit stick throw Often two adjustments interactive some back-and-forth trimming needed get everything just right Maybe its bit inconvenient its lot better having ability set both stick parameters Other likes include speed controls can easily installed model things just hard mount re ceiver lead-out wires provided some sort strain relief merely held sembly solder joint Id always pre fer have electronics exposedas case open printed circuit board really dislike control misbehaves unit gets wetor very dampand does hap pen As other things life speedcon trot facts features trade-offs---I never seem get preferences same time Nevertheless lot Electric flying speed controlsquite variety themand thats Ive come develop likes dislikes novel motor mounting method intro duced column way back July 87 sue consists clamping motor wooden V block ply mounting plate part fuselage structure means two straps made lengths yellow ner part Sullivan Golden Rods 2-56 screws draw straps tight Ive using method several planes including 40powered Exciter method has totally trouble-freealmost What Ive noticed recently some planes occasionally motor seems loosen little beginning wonder somehow strap now different strap Well finally figured Out whats happen ing turns out installations mo tor case temperature gets very hot clamps seem stretch some motor may get bit loose has always taken form an noyance has never caused problems just tighten up some draw screws planes theres lots cooling airas Caliph pictured referenced issue no such thing happening case Ive never clamp fail fully intend keep right using method now Ill pay routine attention motor mount tight ness future Ill also pay attention airflow over motor youll see what fol lows heat-related info Regular readers column know Im very much favor flow ing air around through motor battery planes designed such air travel mind always arrange some incoming air flow among cells out fuse lage personally dont care overall battery wrappers disallow cooling air contact individual cells also tend retain heat pack Recently began wonder quantitative way about merits such airflow always knew worked wondered much really helped Using new Skyvolt design experiment flew air intake alternately open blocked between flights during/ after charging force-cooled pack blower near-ambient temperature flight began batteries relatively cool battery installation cobalt 15powered Skyvolt consists dozen 900s no significant cooling air directed toward motor flow through cells battery mentioned Typical flights fairly aggressiveie fairly high current consump tionlasting little over four minutes Battery temperature measured temperature probe several cells negative ends before after flight motor rear end bell tempera ture also recorded After several flights cooling airflow following pattern emerged airflow designed after-flight cell tempera tures averaged about 13 0C 23 0F above before-flight temperature air intake blocked cell temperature rose average about 22 0C 40 0F reaching absolute values high 65 0C 149 0Fwell past threshold pain folks same time postflight motor housing tem peratures varied somewhat flight flight covered range about 800 90 0C Note 1000C high enough boil water Anyway kind motor heat doesnt seem bother motor does seem allow small amount stretching Golden Rod mo tor clamps described above above experiments preliminary limited number limited plane hope such investigating stallations time goes along case al ways did think such cooling airflow bat tery did help keep temperatures lowerand now both know sure does significant amount come attended Second Annual Lehigh Valley Ra dio Control Society Electric meet June 17-18 planned some photos month taken have lots good pixjust no room include em Anyway LVRCS did great job fine fun meet lucked out because rained virtually continuously days prior meet weather broke essentially during night just before meet openingto give us two glorious sunny days Ellis Grumer Tom Castellano assisted number LVRCS members did fine job running affair Activities fun-fly 158 Model Aviation GLIDER RETRACTS Precision units made USA air craft quality materials Two 1/4 scale size units choose Std-up ID lbs HD over 10 lbs $5000 na $350 S&H CA res add 70/0 tax Send Sase information glass 1/4 scale OG 202 fuselage 1 /3 & 1/5 scale retracts available soon Scale Glider Components 7034 FERN PLACE CARLSBAD CA 92009 16193 931-1438 LAS VEGAS NEVADA QSAA INTERNATIONAL 0 13th ANNUAL FLY-IN OCTOBER 26THRU29 1989 LARGEST 1/4 SCALE EVENT IN THE WORLD 4 FOR QSAA MEMBERSHIP APPLICA TION RENEWAL FORM AND DETAILED INFORMATION SEND LONG STAMPED SELF ADDRESSED ENVELOPE TO QSAA PO BOX 13980 LAS VEGAS NV 89112 AT* Four Days Fun Enjoyment * Headquarters boat Hotel LAS Visas NEVADAB9IO4* Static Display CALL TOLL FREE* Flying Site Eldorado Dry Lake 1 8008262800 * Banquet rday Evening dial di 702-385-9123* Tables Available Manufacturers Make oom eservo ons early & tell yos * Aircraft Quarter Scale Larger m ho S A o eceive room dscount* Pre-Entry Only Deadline September 24 1989 naturesuch loops balloon burst AllUp/Last-Down Attendance up 39 registrantsb last year Word must have gotten around Anyway heres thank ing LVRCS two fine days hoping theyll continue third annual next year readers toying idea clubs sponsoring Electric meet have two short words DO IT lay smokin keyboard rest Please direct comment question SASE please address shown column header Happy quiet power landings RC Scale/Tacie Continued page 61 crowding flying sites Its obvious own good need address prob lem quickly possible mention Pattern fliers leading way model engine noise reduction methods using varied methods can adopted Scale some practical instance Scale modeler does always have luxury designing fuse lage shape around tuned pipe large muf flers can very difficult conceal within cowl some lessons could learned what Pattern fliers doing Lower engine rpm results lower dB fliers have chosen go smallerdiameter propellers higher pitch blades long stroke four-stroke engines have helped make approach possible Ingenuity mount ing methods has also provided gains reducing noise levels Rubber-based engine mounts have proven themselves effective different methods rubber mounting tried seem help some degree Scale modelers like Pattern fliers have al ready turned four-stroke engine dif ferent reasons Pattern fliers turned lower noise level high torque provided Scale fliers have turned because sound realistic Scale model perceived noise reduction just comes along added ben efit believe its unrealistic see electric-powered models enter competitive level some time future based per formance gains realized recently Engine manufacturers have relatively slow respond modelers needs area noise reduction inevitably will forced provide what need Some prog ress has become visible just last few months can hope years product shows will have some examples new tech nology display Its time Scale modelers band together share methods noise reduction other have good ideas have worked youor news products helpful reducing model airplane noise levels please share us will happy make sure get distributed other modelers through pages Model Aviation through NASA National Association Scale Aero modelers newsletter Replica Please include good photos good drawings possible Until next time May skies remain Scale responding advertisers mention read about MoclelAviation RC Pylon Racing/Hager Continued page 62 timing perspective abilities developed caller will prove invaluable later step flying competition made direct experience type help needed beginner However hesitate ask help experienced Racer feeling nothing can offered return Teamed up veteran pilot needs regular caller novice now afforded op portunity return something cause pi lot needs calling services novice novice learns pilot oway interdependence foundation very heart teamwork people have never experienced tal successful teamwork may tend reject approach regular team caller however inexperiencedcan offer benefits pilot experienced caller used random basis Despite may ask take chance losing races caller doesnt have experience natural reaction both pilot caller will feel same way pilot feels competitive chances will hurt using inexperienced caller caller does want cause pilots possible downfall feeling can eliminated fully appre ciating pilots job callers job tal operation two working team Tbe pilots job show up race day competitive horsepower straight airplanes props work very rarely happens everyone strives basic combination Conunued page 162 October 1989 159
Edition: Model Aviation - 1989/10
Page Numbers: 58, 59, 157, 158, 159
A CORRECTION has made August column page 135 three tables have consistent error RPM col umn numbers shown 10 times too small Somehow dropped 0 example first rpm value should 11830 1183 shown true rpm values three tables Im sorry caused anyone trouble DEAF stands Dallas Electric Aircraft Fliers holding third annual Electric Fly-In Saturday October 7 club flying field paved runway Simonds Park Segoville TX meet scheduled 900 am 430 pm general fun-fly All-Up/Last-Down event Gliders nonGliders info contact CD Frank Kor man 5834 Goodwin Dallas TX 75206 tele phone 1-214/821-0393 after five oclock local time Frank tells largest Electric meet Texas folks run looking grow moreso lets sure help achieve goal Tentative plans announced column last month October Electric meet Cape Cod now theyve become firm plans Its called Fifth Annual Southeastern Mass Elec tric Fly year its being hosted both Cape Cod RC Club Discover Flying RC Club CD Charlie Sylvia can reach him 31 Perry St Middleboro MA 02346 Charlie CS Flight Systemsin case name sounded familiar meet two-day affair scheduled October 28-29 Events include AMA 610 611 plus Loops Duration events day separate separate regi strations $8 So Just thought season over East Coast heres Electric meet rescue Tell Charlie ya read MA bare-bones Mirage pictured col umn July issue just happens three Electrics given away Tenth Annual KRC Electric Fly September 1617 some facts figures frame work As pictured wing weighs 6 oz tail group hinges horns comes 1 oz fuselage including landing gear cowling wheels pants pushrods another 8 oz Thus bones total pound Ive chance fly Mirage different can tell great flyin plane six l2-Ah Ni-Cds running kit Turbo 550 motor power combination adequate maintain shallow steady safe climb plane becomes alive seven cells would expect will ROG short grass either pack speed control adds another fun dimension beyond would personally consider necessity seven-cell pack because motor current goes up considerably seven cells Id feel better about motor brush life speed control allowing highest power needed throttling back adequate power other times flight characteristics Mirage smooth steadydefinitely comfortablewith no funnies Based hands-on experience can heartily recommend Goldberg Mirage best thing builder pilot flew well inexperienced Mi rage working out very well him train erwhich what its supposed happen wondering 58 Model Aviation Radio Conoi Electrics Bob Kopski 25 West End Dr Lansdale PA 19446 Bill Mickey Bowne brought pair interesting Electrics LVRCS weekend fly-in Mickeys twin Leisure 05-powered Northrop F-iS La photo recon version P-61 Black Widow uses 14 800-mAh cells motors wired series All-up weight plane about 54 oz beat Kopski Sundays All-Up/Last-Down event Bills Yak 50 above mototates cobalt 25 direct drive using 14 800-mAh cells All-up weight 54 scratchbuilt uses sheet-covered foam wing Bill designed using com puter program written Chuck Cunninghams column RCM two shots same model Tony Fiori Zieglerville PA built pair P-Si Mustangs old Dyna Flite kits Larger L 60-size powered geared 40 cobalt All-up weight 8 lb including retracts Its power pack 18 1200-mAh Ni-Cds con trolled Jomar SC-4 Smaller Mustang R 40-size geared 15 cobalt turning 12 x B prop does job All-up weight about 70 other two giveaway Electrics UHU Skyvolt latter just also happened pictured bare bones same July column Speed controls mentioned above some thoughts subject Im personally very big speed controls can tell Ex cept Astro Challenger Leisure Lanzo Bomber Electrics seven others have speed controls reason dont have em Glider Old-Timer because used climb-and-glide motor On/Oft craft Anyway Ive lot experience speed controls have developed some personal feel ings preferences subject over years have choice Ill always choose control thats optically isolated means speed control cable connects receiver throttle servo connector does electrically tie receiver speed control together throt tle signal transmitted speed control circui try optically device latter called what elsean Opto Coupler So what Well lack direct connection radio motor subsystems has real advantage average less motor noise gets receiver experience can re sult noticeably less glitching flight long As best can tell speed controls designed six cells able use optical couplersbut does mean Its Continued page 157 SAV5 YOUR FIELD SNUF LER muffler low cost easy install lightweight sound reducing muffler no performance penalty answer AMA muffler rule suggestions saving flying fields Meets AMA muffler rule suggestions 3 10 decibels quieter stock muffler No power loss possible 300-500 RPM increase improves engine idle s better fuel economy Easily attached 25-108 stock mufflers Heat corrosion resistant Black E coat finish No special adapters required Weighs 35 oza Fits ASP BRAT ENYA FOX HP IRVINE K & B OS MAX ROYAL YS SUPER TIGRE mufflers fbi available si hobby shop ORDER DIRECT immediate shipment ChecK MO Visa MC COD accepted Add $250 UPS $2tOlor COD 6% salesias Calif resident SEMI-SCALE Radio Control Sport/Trainer Wirrg span e7 3I4 LengtC 37 rIo see Locai Deaier PAUL K GUILLOW INC WAKEFIELD MA 01880 October 1989 59 Ron Andrews Binghamton NY area DSC Fly Baby Rossi Super Stock 05 RC car motor pulls around sky help 8 x 4 prop seven 800-mAh Ni-Cd cells Model weighs very light 32 oz $2495 CAT NO BOO Al Veagle Willimatic CT uses geared co balt 15 original design 52-in model weighs about 57 oz 12-cell bat tery pack SM-4 speed control Prop 11 x 7 Kopski flew liked 5I6i Salisfaction Guaranteed EAv HINE-EEZ SH71O Pkg of24 $295 THE HIGH-TECH HINGE DESIGNED FOR THE CYANOACRYLATE AGE Easier inslali other hinge No gouging picking messy epoxies Simply cut single knife Slot hinge slide ihe hinges place apply few drops favorite CA glue youre done SUPER FAST SUPER EASY SUPER STRONG 7de S&jt ce4 MFG CO INC.401-7 So Front St Montezuma IA 50171 623-5154 peck Silver-Streak 035 LUIRIC SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ONLY 26 OZ USES LESS CURRENT TURNS 63 PROP 12000 RPM 66 AMPS IDEAL FOR SMALL RIC & FREE FLIGHT MOTOR ONLY *1995 CATALOG #30 O PHONE 619 448 18 18 BOX 2498-MA ESA CA 92044 RC Old-Timers/Mathews Continued page 153 rule Scorpion tends balance nose-heavy CU should chord weight should close 10-oz rule possible Scorpion satisfying model build fly its thin wing airfoil has really good climbeven O&R 29 doesnt have power some repro 29s glide isnt good some floaters much faster outstanding windy weather Notice Jerry doesnt say anything about spiral stability Obviously radio installed Scorpion has something going Plans No 4E3 available John Pond OldTime Plan Service 253 No 4th St PO Box 90310 San Jose CA 95109-3310 An anatomical impossibility started make heading paragraph Wanna put Tiger Scorpion isnt sensible Herb WahI Box 61 Forksville PA 18616 cur rently manufacturing reproductions Bunch Tiger engine familiar Herbs previous Brown Ohlsson reproduc tions can attest quality work recommend him sky Tiger later Bunch engine looks much like Mighty Midget/Gwinn Aero shown reproduced ad Contact Herb WahI availability price reproductions Another option Forster 29 35 power plants being reproduced RJL Industries out California Forsters original casting dies being used new engines being ma chined modern computer-controlled units Both late-model front-intake ver sions engines however equipped original-style Forster ignition timers Phantom P-30 fuel tanks aspect oper ation find fascinating fact engines being boxed original re printed Forster boxes Fifties will clude original Forster instruction sheets Write RJL Industries PO Box 5 Sierra Madre CA 91024 telephone 1-818/359-0016 Now heres slow builder Back Sixties Seventies sons compet ing Nats level fun aspects Na tionals Scale cage Back 100 FF Scale entries placed chickenwire cage mounted risers handful RC Scale ships would too well lots CL Scale planes view first day meet until night before Scale event flown Since Navy host meet Scale cage usually hangar separate larger housed contestant workbenches model boxes Yes model competed Nats built right meet workbenches particularly Free Flights Both hangars full activity late hours night some modelers actually working entries night competition flights next day great fun unforgettable experience now long gone Nats chief judges event directors Free Flightand occasion ally CLevents wonderfully efficient friendly couple named Bill Irene Knepp Sons still recall fondly day As years have worn have managed keep touch Bill has frequently provided three-views full-scale aircraft rare would question authentic ity integrity source year ago Bill sent photo re cently completed Buccaneer Standard three-view column October 1986 following story Way back dim days September 1937 entered Gas model contest Scranton PA Bill Effinger Owner Berkeley Models small Buccaneer also new Super Buccaneer small interested said hed have kit Out few months t days really meant box full balsa strips sheet blocks builder took early 1938 sent kit began building However enlisted Navy May year sold partially completed Buc caneer Standard friends really never built few years ago ordered plans new version WE Technical Services sappointed beefed up structure much called Fox 40 power opinion would way too much So fi nally put drawings board traced outlines onto some clean paper drew own structure much along lines wrote about mounted 05 25 first flew last spring flies beautifully 5 lb OS turns 11 x 6 prop doesnt know difference close what dreamed about original started long ago So took Bill Knepp 50 years get Buc caneer Standard air Some us have started projects should have left trash man first place RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 59 up find Out Conversely speed controls intended used fewer six cells pretty much have hard-wired receiver technical reasons latter fol low Speed controls use MOSFETs metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistorEd cho sen very low On-resistance low-R FETs need six volts little gate drive signal Normally gate signal comes motor-battery-powered speed-control electronics Speed controls intended used fewer six motor cells have utilize receiver battery way another add lower motor battery voltage make up necessary tal gate drive voltage What means such controls can t use optical coupling re ceiver its battery must hard-wired motor control electronics Now know some low-cell-count speed controls may glitch ier others Another speed control preference power control signal motor high rate rather frame rate now just want describe difference save reasons future column high-rate type control uses high switching rate power on/off proportionally control motor types typically produce audible sound motor itself easily recognized low throttle settings whine motor singing frame-rate types use basic transmitter signal frame timing usually around 50 Hz LEARNING TO FLY RADIO CONTROL MODEL AIRPLANES Book Taught Tens Thousands covers * Selecting First Plane * Beginners First Turns * The Stall Friends * Takeoffs Landings * Simple Aerobatics * Deadstick Landings * Flying High Winds * Advanced Aerobatics * Teaching Yourself Absolutely Have copy send $995 plus $100 postage handling CARROLL CONSULTING Box 3391 Arlington VA 22201 October 1989 157 Dont Fly Like Buy Book FIBERGLASS PARTS Over 237 cowls kit scratch built models Also over 34 round cowls ranging 4 14-7/8 diameter 55 diff size & shape wheel pants custom Make Parts Vacuum Form Canopies Plome mmd $1 couplet kt TAD FIBERILASS SPECIALTIES 38624 Mt Kisco Dr Sterling l-lgts Ml 48310 PHONE 313421-6358 RUlED & HEAITREAIEO WIRE GEARS & CASAWES PHONE 313 978-2512 PERFECT PATTERNS Fly perfect patterns time F&Es very affordable fiberglass-and-foam pattern planes Vertigo Ii- oldie goodie 65 span 50 fuselage 600 total wing area Designed 60 power Trike gear Kit #A-1038 $9995 md shipping Phoenix V VI proven trophy-winners board renowned Don Lowe Choose 3 sizes power requirements suit own competitive needs Phoenix V 40 Kit #A-1026 $7995 Phoenix V 60 Kit #A-1027 $8995 Phoenix VI 80 Kit #A-1028 $9995 md shipping Cure-Air aerobat anhedral 64 span 680 l wing area Special anhedral stabs make Cure-Air behave like dream t side up upside down 60 power Kit #A-1006 $9995 md shipping F&E kits feature precision-molded fiberglass fuselages balsa-covered foam wings reduced weight Write call FREE 16-p catalog pattern planes stand-off scale current classic warbirds trainer today I Farnsworth & Elroy Inc I-I 1836 Stout Drive inster PA 18974 675-9882 clock power flow motor sound can heard too being low rate often sounds like rattle rumble motor model framework coveringespecially gear drives Ill have some interesting experimental re suits present future two types controls behavior Another preference Ive developed liking MOSFETs attached common metal heat sink like row MOS FETs standing air metal mounting tabs sharing common heat sink reasoning runs like several MOS FETs used controls usually two wired parallel share controlling motor However very unlikely several FETs will electrically identical dinarily some performance variations FET FET same type have found typically bunch gets hotter next hottest hot another etc clear indicator MOSFETs sharing equally job hand Attaching MOSFET mounting tabs common heat sink helps equalize tempera tures among just feel whole lot bet ter case Other features like include two adjustments both stick position stick range can ad justed means trim screw used set beginning power application motor chosen amount stick trim motion off limit other trim screw assures full power applied just before other limit stick throw Often two adjustments interactive some back-and-forth trimming needed get everything just right Maybe its bit inconvenient its lot better having ability set both stick parameters Other likes include speed controls can easily installed model things just hard mount re ceiver lead-out wires provided some sort strain relief merely held sembly solder joint Id always pre fer have electronics exposedas case open printed circuit board really dislike control misbehaves unit gets wetor very dampand does hap pen As other things life speedcon trot facts features trade-offs---I never seem get preferences same time Nevertheless lot Electric flying speed controlsquite variety themand thats Ive come develop likes dislikes novel motor mounting method intro duced column way back July 87 sue consists clamping motor wooden V block ply mounting plate part fuselage structure means two straps made lengths yellow ner part Sullivan Golden Rods 2-56 screws draw straps tight Ive using method several planes including 40powered Exciter method has totally trouble-freealmost What Ive noticed recently some planes occasionally motor seems loosen little beginning wonder somehow strap now different strap Well finally figured Out whats happen ing turns out installations mo tor case temperature gets very hot clamps seem stretch some motor may get bit loose has always taken form an noyance has never caused problems just tighten up some draw screws planes theres lots cooling airas Caliph pictured referenced issue no such thing happening case Ive never clamp fail fully intend keep right using method now Ill pay routine attention motor mount tight ness future Ill also pay attention airflow over motor youll see what fol lows heat-related info Regular readers column know Im very much favor flow ing air around through motor battery planes designed such air travel mind always arrange some incoming air flow among cells out fuse lage personally dont care overall battery wrappers disallow cooling air contact individual cells also tend retain heat pack Recently began wonder quantitative way about merits such airflow always knew worked wondered much really helped Using new Skyvolt design experiment flew air intake alternately open blocked between flights during/ after charging force-cooled pack blower near-ambient temperature flight began batteries relatively cool battery installation cobalt 15powered Skyvolt consists dozen 900s no significant cooling air directed toward motor flow through cells battery mentioned Typical flights fairly aggressiveie fairly high current consump tionlasting little over four minutes Battery temperature measured temperature probe several cells negative ends before after flight motor rear end bell tempera ture also recorded After several flights cooling airflow following pattern emerged airflow designed after-flight cell tempera tures averaged about 13 0C 23 0F above before-flight temperature air intake blocked cell temperature rose average about 22 0C 40 0F reaching absolute values high 65 0C 149 0Fwell past threshold pain folks same time postflight motor housing tem peratures varied somewhat flight flight covered range about 800 90 0C Note 1000C high enough boil water Anyway kind motor heat doesnt seem bother motor does seem allow small amount stretching Golden Rod mo tor clamps described above above experiments preliminary limited number limited plane hope such investigating stallations time goes along case al ways did think such cooling airflow bat tery did help keep temperatures lowerand now both know sure does significant amount come attended Second Annual Lehigh Valley Ra dio Control Society Electric meet June 17-18 planned some photos month taken have lots good pixjust no room include em Anyway LVRCS did great job fine fun meet lucked out because rained virtually continuously days prior meet weather broke essentially during night just before meet openingto give us two glorious sunny days Ellis Grumer Tom Castellano assisted number LVRCS members did fine job running affair Activities fun-fly 158 Model Aviation GLIDER RETRACTS Precision units made USA air craft quality materials Two 1/4 scale size units choose Std-up ID lbs HD over 10 lbs $5000 na $350 S&H CA res add 70/0 tax Send Sase information glass 1/4 scale OG 202 fuselage 1 /3 & 1/5 scale retracts available soon Scale Glider Components 7034 FERN PLACE CARLSBAD CA 92009 16193 931-1438 LAS VEGAS NEVADA QSAA INTERNATIONAL 0 13th ANNUAL FLY-IN OCTOBER 26THRU29 1989 LARGEST 1/4 SCALE EVENT IN THE WORLD 4 FOR QSAA MEMBERSHIP APPLICA TION RENEWAL FORM AND DETAILED INFORMATION SEND LONG STAMPED SELF ADDRESSED ENVELOPE TO QSAA PO BOX 13980 LAS VEGAS NV 89112 AT* Four Days Fun Enjoyment * Headquarters boat Hotel LAS Visas NEVADAB9IO4* Static Display CALL TOLL FREE* Flying Site Eldorado Dry Lake 1 8008262800 * Banquet rday Evening dial di 702-385-9123* Tables Available Manufacturers Make oom eservo ons early & tell yos * Aircraft Quarter Scale Larger m ho S A o eceive room dscount* Pre-Entry Only Deadline September 24 1989 naturesuch loops balloon burst AllUp/Last-Down Attendance up 39 registrantsb last year Word must have gotten around Anyway heres thank ing LVRCS two fine days hoping theyll continue third annual next year readers toying idea clubs sponsoring Electric meet have two short words DO IT lay smokin keyboard rest Please direct comment question SASE please address shown column header Happy quiet power landings RC Scale/Tacie Continued page 61 crowding flying sites Its obvious own good need address prob lem quickly possible mention Pattern fliers leading way model engine noise reduction methods using varied methods can adopted Scale some practical instance Scale modeler does always have luxury designing fuse lage shape around tuned pipe large muf flers can very difficult conceal within cowl some lessons could learned what Pattern fliers doing Lower engine rpm results lower dB fliers have chosen go smallerdiameter propellers higher pitch blades long stroke four-stroke engines have helped make approach possible Ingenuity mount ing methods has also provided gains reducing noise levels Rubber-based engine mounts have proven themselves effective different methods rubber mounting tried seem help some degree Scale modelers like Pattern fliers have al ready turned four-stroke engine dif ferent reasons Pattern fliers turned lower noise level high torque provided Scale fliers have turned because sound realistic Scale model perceived noise reduction just comes along added ben efit believe its unrealistic see electric-powered models enter competitive level some time future based per formance gains realized recently Engine manufacturers have relatively slow respond modelers needs area noise reduction inevitably will forced provide what need Some prog ress has become visible just last few months can hope years product shows will have some examples new tech nology display Its time Scale modelers band together share methods noise reduction other have good ideas have worked youor news products helpful reducing model airplane noise levels please share us will happy make sure get distributed other modelers through pages Model Aviation through NASA National Association Scale Aero modelers newsletter Replica Please include good photos good drawings possible Until next time May skies remain Scale responding advertisers mention read about MoclelAviation RC Pylon Racing/Hager Continued page 62 timing perspective abilities developed caller will prove invaluable later step flying competition made direct experience type help needed beginner However hesitate ask help experienced Racer feeling nothing can offered return Teamed up veteran pilot needs regular caller novice now afforded op portunity return something cause pi lot needs calling services novice novice learns pilot oway interdependence foundation very heart teamwork people have never experienced tal successful teamwork may tend reject approach regular team caller however inexperiencedcan offer benefits pilot experienced caller used random basis Despite may ask take chance losing races caller doesnt have experience natural reaction both pilot caller will feel same way pilot feels competitive chances will hurt using inexperienced caller caller does want cause pilots possible downfall feeling can eliminated fully appre ciating pilots job callers job tal operation two working team Tbe pilots job show up race day competitive horsepower straight airplanes props work very rarely happens everyone strives basic combination Conunued page 162 October 1989 159
Edition: Model Aviation - 1989/10
Page Numbers: 58, 59, 157, 158, 159
A CORRECTION has made August column page 135 three tables have consistent error RPM col umn numbers shown 10 times too small Somehow dropped 0 example first rpm value should 11830 1183 shown true rpm values three tables Im sorry caused anyone trouble DEAF stands Dallas Electric Aircraft Fliers holding third annual Electric Fly-In Saturday October 7 club flying field paved runway Simonds Park Segoville TX meet scheduled 900 am 430 pm general fun-fly All-Up/Last-Down event Gliders nonGliders info contact CD Frank Kor man 5834 Goodwin Dallas TX 75206 tele phone 1-214/821-0393 after five oclock local time Frank tells largest Electric meet Texas folks run looking grow moreso lets sure help achieve goal Tentative plans announced column last month October Electric meet Cape Cod now theyve become firm plans Its called Fifth Annual Southeastern Mass Elec tric Fly year its being hosted both Cape Cod RC Club Discover Flying RC Club CD Charlie Sylvia can reach him 31 Perry St Middleboro MA 02346 Charlie CS Flight Systemsin case name sounded familiar meet two-day affair scheduled October 28-29 Events include AMA 610 611 plus Loops Duration events day separate separate regi strations $8 So Just thought season over East Coast heres Electric meet rescue Tell Charlie ya read MA bare-bones Mirage pictured col umn July issue just happens three Electrics given away Tenth Annual KRC Electric Fly September 1617 some facts figures frame work As pictured wing weighs 6 oz tail group hinges horns comes 1 oz fuselage including landing gear cowling wheels pants pushrods another 8 oz Thus bones total pound Ive chance fly Mirage different can tell great flyin plane six l2-Ah Ni-Cds running kit Turbo 550 motor power combination adequate maintain shallow steady safe climb plane becomes alive seven cells would expect will ROG short grass either pack speed control adds another fun dimension beyond would personally consider necessity seven-cell pack because motor current goes up considerably seven cells Id feel better about motor brush life speed control allowing highest power needed throttling back adequate power other times flight characteristics Mirage smooth steadydefinitely comfortablewith no funnies Based hands-on experience can heartily recommend Goldberg Mirage best thing builder pilot flew well inexperienced Mi rage working out very well him train erwhich what its supposed happen wondering 58 Model Aviation Radio Conoi Electrics Bob Kopski 25 West End Dr Lansdale PA 19446 Bill Mickey Bowne brought pair interesting Electrics LVRCS weekend fly-in Mickeys twin Leisure 05-powered Northrop F-iS La photo recon version P-61 Black Widow uses 14 800-mAh cells motors wired series All-up weight plane about 54 oz beat Kopski Sundays All-Up/Last-Down event Bills Yak 50 above mototates cobalt 25 direct drive using 14 800-mAh cells All-up weight 54 scratchbuilt uses sheet-covered foam wing Bill designed using com puter program written Chuck Cunninghams column RCM two shots same model Tony Fiori Zieglerville PA built pair P-Si Mustangs old Dyna Flite kits Larger L 60-size powered geared 40 cobalt All-up weight 8 lb including retracts Its power pack 18 1200-mAh Ni-Cds con trolled Jomar SC-4 Smaller Mustang R 40-size geared 15 cobalt turning 12 x B prop does job All-up weight about 70 other two giveaway Electrics UHU Skyvolt latter just also happened pictured bare bones same July column Speed controls mentioned above some thoughts subject Im personally very big speed controls can tell Ex cept Astro Challenger Leisure Lanzo Bomber Electrics seven others have speed controls reason dont have em Glider Old-Timer because used climb-and-glide motor On/Oft craft Anyway Ive lot experience speed controls have developed some personal feel ings preferences subject over years have choice Ill always choose control thats optically isolated means speed control cable connects receiver throttle servo connector does electrically tie receiver speed control together throt tle signal transmitted speed control circui try optically device latter called what elsean Opto Coupler So what Well lack direct connection radio motor subsystems has real advantage average less motor noise gets receiver experience can re sult noticeably less glitching flight long As best can tell speed controls designed six cells able use optical couplersbut does mean Its Continued page 157 SAV5 YOUR FIELD SNUF LER muffler low cost easy install lightweight sound reducing muffler no performance penalty answer AMA muffler rule suggestions saving flying fields Meets AMA muffler rule suggestions 3 10 decibels quieter stock muffler No power loss possible 300-500 RPM increase improves engine idle s better fuel economy Easily attached 25-108 stock mufflers Heat corrosion resistant Black E coat finish No special adapters required Weighs 35 oza Fits ASP BRAT ENYA FOX HP IRVINE K & B OS MAX ROYAL YS SUPER TIGRE mufflers fbi available si hobby shop ORDER DIRECT immediate shipment ChecK MO Visa MC COD accepted Add $250 UPS $2tOlor COD 6% salesias Calif resident SEMI-SCALE Radio Control Sport/Trainer Wirrg span e7 3I4 LengtC 37 rIo see Locai Deaier PAUL K GUILLOW INC WAKEFIELD MA 01880 October 1989 59 Ron Andrews Binghamton NY area DSC Fly Baby Rossi Super Stock 05 RC car motor pulls around sky help 8 x 4 prop seven 800-mAh Ni-Cd cells Model weighs very light 32 oz $2495 CAT NO BOO Al Veagle Willimatic CT uses geared co balt 15 original design 52-in model weighs about 57 oz 12-cell bat tery pack SM-4 speed control Prop 11 x 7 Kopski flew liked 5I6i Salisfaction Guaranteed EAv HINE-EEZ SH71O Pkg of24 $295 THE HIGH-TECH HINGE DESIGNED FOR THE CYANOACRYLATE AGE Easier inslali other hinge No gouging picking messy epoxies Simply cut single knife Slot hinge slide ihe hinges place apply few drops favorite CA glue youre done SUPER FAST SUPER EASY SUPER STRONG 7de S&jt ce4 MFG CO INC.401-7 So Front St Montezuma IA 50171 623-5154 peck Silver-Streak 035 LUIRIC SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ONLY 26 OZ USES LESS CURRENT TURNS 63 PROP 12000 RPM 66 AMPS IDEAL FOR SMALL RIC & FREE FLIGHT MOTOR ONLY *1995 CATALOG #30 O PHONE 619 448 18 18 BOX 2498-MA ESA CA 92044 RC Old-Timers/Mathews Continued page 153 rule Scorpion tends balance nose-heavy CU should chord weight should close 10-oz rule possible Scorpion satisfying model build fly its thin wing airfoil has really good climbeven O&R 29 doesnt have power some repro 29s glide isnt good some floaters much faster outstanding windy weather Notice Jerry doesnt say anything about spiral stability Obviously radio installed Scorpion has something going Plans No 4E3 available John Pond OldTime Plan Service 253 No 4th St PO Box 90310 San Jose CA 95109-3310 An anatomical impossibility started make heading paragraph Wanna put Tiger Scorpion isnt sensible Herb WahI Box 61 Forksville PA 18616 cur rently manufacturing reproductions Bunch Tiger engine familiar Herbs previous Brown Ohlsson reproduc tions can attest quality work recommend him sky Tiger later Bunch engine looks much like Mighty Midget/Gwinn Aero shown reproduced ad Contact Herb WahI availability price reproductions Another option Forster 29 35 power plants being reproduced RJL Industries out California Forsters original casting dies being used new engines being ma chined modern computer-controlled units Both late-model front-intake ver sions engines however equipped original-style Forster ignition timers Phantom P-30 fuel tanks aspect oper ation find fascinating fact engines being boxed original re printed Forster boxes Fifties will clude original Forster instruction sheets Write RJL Industries PO Box 5 Sierra Madre CA 91024 telephone 1-818/359-0016 Now heres slow builder Back Sixties Seventies sons compet ing Nats level fun aspects Na tionals Scale cage Back 100 FF Scale entries placed chickenwire cage mounted risers handful RC Scale ships would too well lots CL Scale planes view first day meet until night before Scale event flown Since Navy host meet Scale cage usually hangar separate larger housed contestant workbenches model boxes Yes model competed Nats built right meet workbenches particularly Free Flights Both hangars full activity late hours night some modelers actually working entries night competition flights next day great fun unforgettable experience now long gone Nats chief judges event directors Free Flightand occasion ally CLevents wonderfully efficient friendly couple named Bill Irene Knepp Sons still recall fondly day As years have worn have managed keep touch Bill has frequently provided three-views full-scale aircraft rare would question authentic ity integrity source year ago Bill sent photo re cently completed Buccaneer Standard three-view column October 1986 following story Way back dim days September 1937 entered Gas model contest Scranton PA Bill Effinger Owner Berkeley Models small Buccaneer also new Super Buccaneer small interested said hed have kit Out few months t days really meant box full balsa strips sheet blocks builder took early 1938 sent kit began building However enlisted Navy May year sold partially completed Buc caneer Standard friends really never built few years ago ordered plans new version WE Technical Services sappointed beefed up structure much called Fox 40 power opinion would way too much So fi nally put drawings board traced outlines onto some clean paper drew own structure much along lines wrote about mounted 05 25 first flew last spring flies beautifully 5 lb OS turns 11 x 6 prop doesnt know difference close what dreamed about original started long ago So took Bill Knepp 50 years get Buc caneer Standard air Some us have started projects should have left trash man first place RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 59 up find Out Conversely speed controls intended used fewer six cells pretty much have hard-wired receiver technical reasons latter fol low Speed controls use MOSFETs metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistorEd cho sen very low On-resistance low-R FETs need six volts little gate drive signal Normally gate signal comes motor-battery-powered speed-control electronics Speed controls intended used fewer six motor cells have utilize receiver battery way another add lower motor battery voltage make up necessary tal gate drive voltage What means such controls can t use optical coupling re ceiver its battery must hard-wired motor control electronics Now know some low-cell-count speed controls may glitch ier others Another speed control preference power control signal motor high rate rather frame rate now just want describe difference save reasons future column high-rate type control uses high switching rate power on/off proportionally control motor types typically produce audible sound motor itself easily recognized low throttle settings whine motor singing frame-rate types use basic transmitter signal frame timing usually around 50 Hz LEARNING TO FLY RADIO CONTROL MODEL AIRPLANES Book Taught Tens Thousands covers * Selecting First Plane * Beginners First Turns * The Stall Friends * Takeoffs Landings * Simple Aerobatics * Deadstick Landings * Flying High Winds * Advanced Aerobatics * Teaching Yourself Absolutely Have copy send $995 plus $100 postage handling CARROLL CONSULTING Box 3391 Arlington VA 22201 October 1989 157 Dont Fly Like Buy Book FIBERGLASS PARTS Over 237 cowls kit scratch built models Also over 34 round cowls ranging 4 14-7/8 diameter 55 diff size & shape wheel pants custom Make Parts Vacuum Form Canopies Plome mmd $1 couplet kt TAD FIBERILASS SPECIALTIES 38624 Mt Kisco Dr Sterling l-lgts Ml 48310 PHONE 313421-6358 RUlED & HEAITREAIEO WIRE GEARS & CASAWES PHONE 313 978-2512 PERFECT PATTERNS Fly perfect patterns time F&Es very affordable fiberglass-and-foam pattern planes Vertigo Ii- oldie goodie 65 span 50 fuselage 600 total wing area Designed 60 power Trike gear Kit #A-1038 $9995 md shipping Phoenix V VI proven trophy-winners board renowned Don Lowe Choose 3 sizes power requirements suit own competitive needs Phoenix V 40 Kit #A-1026 $7995 Phoenix V 60 Kit #A-1027 $8995 Phoenix VI 80 Kit #A-1028 $9995 md shipping Cure-Air aerobat anhedral 64 span 680 l wing area Special anhedral stabs make Cure-Air behave like dream t side up upside down 60 power Kit #A-1006 $9995 md shipping F&E kits feature precision-molded fiberglass fuselages balsa-covered foam wings reduced weight Write call FREE 16-p catalog pattern planes stand-off scale current classic warbirds trainer today I Farnsworth & Elroy Inc I-I 1836 Stout Drive inster PA 18974 675-9882 clock power flow motor sound can heard too being low rate often sounds like rattle rumble motor model framework coveringespecially gear drives Ill have some interesting experimental re suits present future two types controls behavior Another preference Ive developed liking MOSFETs attached common metal heat sink like row MOS FETs standing air metal mounting tabs sharing common heat sink reasoning runs like several MOS FETs used controls usually two wired parallel share controlling motor However very unlikely several FETs will electrically identical dinarily some performance variations FET FET same type have found typically bunch gets hotter next hottest hot another etc clear indicator MOSFETs sharing equally job hand Attaching MOSFET mounting tabs common heat sink helps equalize tempera tures among just feel whole lot bet ter case Other features like include two adjustments both stick position stick range can ad justed means trim screw used set beginning power application motor chosen amount stick trim motion off limit other trim screw assures full power applied just before other limit stick throw Often two adjustments interactive some back-and-forth trimming needed get everything just right Maybe its bit inconvenient its lot better having ability set both stick parameters Other likes include speed controls can easily installed model things just hard mount re ceiver lead-out wires provided some sort strain relief merely held sembly solder joint Id always pre fer have electronics exposedas case open printed circuit board really dislike control misbehaves unit gets wetor very dampand does hap pen As other things life speedcon trot facts features trade-offs---I never seem get preferences same time Nevertheless lot Electric flying speed controlsquite variety themand thats Ive come develop likes dislikes novel motor mounting method intro duced column way back July 87 sue consists clamping motor wooden V block ply mounting plate part fuselage structure means two straps made lengths yellow ner part Sullivan Golden Rods 2-56 screws draw straps tight Ive using method several planes including 40powered Exciter method has totally trouble-freealmost What Ive noticed recently some planes occasionally motor seems loosen little beginning wonder somehow strap now different strap Well finally figured Out whats happen ing turns out installations mo tor case temperature gets very hot clamps seem stretch some motor may get bit loose has always taken form an noyance has never caused problems just tighten up some draw screws planes theres lots cooling airas Caliph pictured referenced issue no such thing happening case Ive never clamp fail fully intend keep right using method now Ill pay routine attention motor mount tight ness future Ill also pay attention airflow over motor youll see what fol lows heat-related info Regular readers column know Im very much favor flow ing air around through motor battery planes designed such air travel mind always arrange some incoming air flow among cells out fuse lage personally dont care overall battery wrappers disallow cooling air contact individual cells also tend retain heat pack Recently began wonder quantitative way about merits such airflow always knew worked wondered much really helped Using new Skyvolt design experiment flew air intake alternately open blocked between flights during/ after charging force-cooled pack blower near-ambient temperature flight began batteries relatively cool battery installation cobalt 15powered Skyvolt consists dozen 900s no significant cooling air directed toward motor flow through cells battery mentioned Typical flights fairly aggressiveie fairly high current consump tionlasting little over four minutes Battery temperature measured temperature probe several cells negative ends before after flight motor rear end bell tempera ture also recorded After several flights cooling airflow following pattern emerged airflow designed after-flight cell tempera tures averaged about 13 0C 23 0F above before-flight temperature air intake blocked cell temperature rose average about 22 0C 40 0F reaching absolute values high 65 0C 149 0Fwell past threshold pain folks same time postflight motor housing tem peratures varied somewhat flight flight covered range about 800 90 0C Note 1000C high enough boil water Anyway kind motor heat doesnt seem bother motor does seem allow small amount stretching Golden Rod mo tor clamps described above above experiments preliminary limited number limited plane hope such investigating stallations time goes along case al ways did think such cooling airflow bat tery did help keep temperatures lowerand now both know sure does significant amount come attended Second Annual Lehigh Valley Ra dio Control Society Electric meet June 17-18 planned some photos month taken have lots good pixjust no room include em Anyway LVRCS did great job fine fun meet lucked out because rained virtually continuously days prior meet weather broke essentially during night just before meet openingto give us two glorious sunny days Ellis Grumer Tom Castellano assisted number LVRCS members did fine job running affair Activities fun-fly 158 Model Aviation GLIDER RETRACTS Precision units made USA air craft quality materials Two 1/4 scale size units choose Std-up ID lbs HD over 10 lbs $5000 na $350 S&H CA res add 70/0 tax Send Sase information glass 1/4 scale OG 202 fuselage 1 /3 & 1/5 scale retracts available soon Scale Glider Components 7034 FERN PLACE CARLSBAD CA 92009 16193 931-1438 LAS VEGAS NEVADA QSAA INTERNATIONAL 0 13th ANNUAL FLY-IN OCTOBER 26THRU29 1989 LARGEST 1/4 SCALE EVENT IN THE WORLD 4 FOR QSAA MEMBERSHIP APPLICA TION RENEWAL FORM AND DETAILED INFORMATION SEND LONG STAMPED SELF ADDRESSED ENVELOPE TO QSAA PO BOX 13980 LAS VEGAS NV 89112 AT* Four Days Fun Enjoyment * Headquarters boat Hotel LAS Visas NEVADAB9IO4* Static Display CALL TOLL FREE* Flying Site Eldorado Dry Lake 1 8008262800 * Banquet rday Evening dial di 702-385-9123* Tables Available Manufacturers Make oom eservo ons early & tell yos * Aircraft Quarter Scale Larger m ho S A o eceive room dscount* Pre-Entry Only Deadline September 24 1989 naturesuch loops balloon burst AllUp/Last-Down Attendance up 39 registrantsb last year Word must have gotten around Anyway heres thank ing LVRCS two fine days hoping theyll continue third annual next year readers toying idea clubs sponsoring Electric meet have two short words DO IT lay smokin keyboard rest Please direct comment question SASE please address shown column header Happy quiet power landings RC Scale/Tacie Continued page 61 crowding flying sites Its obvious own good need address prob lem quickly possible mention Pattern fliers leading way model engine noise reduction methods using varied methods can adopted Scale some practical instance Scale modeler does always have luxury designing fuse lage shape around tuned pipe large muf flers can very difficult conceal within cowl some lessons could learned what Pattern fliers doing Lower engine rpm results lower dB fliers have chosen go smallerdiameter propellers higher pitch blades long stroke four-stroke engines have helped make approach possible Ingenuity mount ing methods has also provided gains reducing noise levels Rubber-based engine mounts have proven themselves effective different methods rubber mounting tried seem help some degree Scale modelers like Pattern fliers have al ready turned four-stroke engine dif ferent reasons Pattern fliers turned lower noise level high torque provided Scale fliers have turned because sound realistic Scale model perceived noise reduction just comes along added ben efit believe its unrealistic see electric-powered models enter competitive level some time future based per formance gains realized recently Engine manufacturers have relatively slow respond modelers needs area noise reduction inevitably will forced provide what need Some prog ress has become visible just last few months can hope years product shows will have some examples new tech nology display Its time Scale modelers band together share methods noise reduction other have good ideas have worked youor news products helpful reducing model airplane noise levels please share us will happy make sure get distributed other modelers through pages Model Aviation through NASA National Association Scale Aero modelers newsletter Replica Please include good photos good drawings possible Until next time May skies remain Scale responding advertisers mention read about MoclelAviation RC Pylon Racing/Hager Continued page 62 timing perspective abilities developed caller will prove invaluable later step flying competition made direct experience type help needed beginner However hesitate ask help experienced Racer feeling nothing can offered return Teamed up veteran pilot needs regular caller novice now afforded op portunity return something cause pi lot needs calling services novice novice learns pilot oway interdependence foundation very heart teamwork people have never experienced tal successful teamwork may tend reject approach regular team caller however inexperiencedcan offer benefits pilot experienced caller used random basis Despite may ask take chance losing races caller doesnt have experience natural reaction both pilot caller will feel same way pilot feels competitive chances will hurt using inexperienced caller caller does want cause pilots possible downfall feeling can eliminated fully appre ciating pilots job callers job tal operation two working team Tbe pilots job show up race day competitive horsepower straight airplanes props work very rarely happens everyone strives basic combination Conunued page 162 October 1989 159
Edition: Model Aviation - 1989/10
Page Numbers: 58, 59, 157, 158, 159
A CORRECTION has made August column page 135 three tables have consistent error RPM col umn numbers shown 10 times too small Somehow dropped 0 example first rpm value should 11830 1183 shown true rpm values three tables Im sorry caused anyone trouble DEAF stands Dallas Electric Aircraft Fliers holding third annual Electric Fly-In Saturday October 7 club flying field paved runway Simonds Park Segoville TX meet scheduled 900 am 430 pm general fun-fly All-Up/Last-Down event Gliders nonGliders info contact CD Frank Kor man 5834 Goodwin Dallas TX 75206 tele phone 1-214/821-0393 after five oclock local time Frank tells largest Electric meet Texas folks run looking grow moreso lets sure help achieve goal Tentative plans announced column last month October Electric meet Cape Cod now theyve become firm plans Its called Fifth Annual Southeastern Mass Elec tric Fly year its being hosted both Cape Cod RC Club Discover Flying RC Club CD Charlie Sylvia can reach him 31 Perry St Middleboro MA 02346 Charlie CS Flight Systemsin case name sounded familiar meet two-day affair scheduled October 28-29 Events include AMA 610 611 plus Loops Duration events day separate separate regi strations $8 So Just thought season over East Coast heres Electric meet rescue Tell Charlie ya read MA bare-bones Mirage pictured col umn July issue just happens three Electrics given away Tenth Annual KRC Electric Fly September 1617 some facts figures frame work As pictured wing weighs 6 oz tail group hinges horns comes 1 oz fuselage including landing gear cowling wheels pants pushrods another 8 oz Thus bones total pound Ive chance fly Mirage different can tell great flyin plane six l2-Ah Ni-Cds running kit Turbo 550 motor power combination adequate maintain shallow steady safe climb plane becomes alive seven cells would expect will ROG short grass either pack speed control adds another fun dimension beyond would personally consider necessity seven-cell pack because motor current goes up considerably seven cells Id feel better about motor brush life speed control allowing highest power needed throttling back adequate power other times flight characteristics Mirage smooth steadydefinitely comfortablewith no funnies Based hands-on experience can heartily recommend Goldberg Mirage best thing builder pilot flew well inexperienced Mi rage working out very well him train erwhich what its supposed happen wondering 58 Model Aviation Radio Conoi Electrics Bob Kopski 25 West End Dr Lansdale PA 19446 Bill Mickey Bowne brought pair interesting Electrics LVRCS weekend fly-in Mickeys twin Leisure 05-powered Northrop F-iS La photo recon version P-61 Black Widow uses 14 800-mAh cells motors wired series All-up weight plane about 54 oz beat Kopski Sundays All-Up/Last-Down event Bills Yak 50 above mototates cobalt 25 direct drive using 14 800-mAh cells All-up weight 54 scratchbuilt uses sheet-covered foam wing Bill designed using com puter program written Chuck Cunninghams column RCM two shots same model Tony Fiori Zieglerville PA built pair P-Si Mustangs old Dyna Flite kits Larger L 60-size powered geared 40 cobalt All-up weight 8 lb including retracts Its power pack 18 1200-mAh Ni-Cds con trolled Jomar SC-4 Smaller Mustang R 40-size geared 15 cobalt turning 12 x B prop does job All-up weight about 70 other two giveaway Electrics UHU Skyvolt latter just also happened pictured bare bones same July column Speed controls mentioned above some thoughts subject Im personally very big speed controls can tell Ex cept Astro Challenger Leisure Lanzo Bomber Electrics seven others have speed controls reason dont have em Glider Old-Timer because used climb-and-glide motor On/Oft craft Anyway Ive lot experience speed controls have developed some personal feel ings preferences subject over years have choice Ill always choose control thats optically isolated means speed control cable connects receiver throttle servo connector does electrically tie receiver speed control together throt tle signal transmitted speed control circui try optically device latter called what elsean Opto Coupler So what Well lack direct connection radio motor subsystems has real advantage average less motor noise gets receiver experience can re sult noticeably less glitching flight long As best can tell speed controls designed six cells able use optical couplersbut does mean Its Continued page 157 SAV5 YOUR FIELD SNUF LER muffler low cost easy install lightweight sound reducing muffler no performance penalty answer AMA muffler rule suggestions saving flying fields Meets AMA muffler rule suggestions 3 10 decibels quieter stock muffler No power loss possible 300-500 RPM increase improves engine idle s better fuel economy Easily attached 25-108 stock mufflers Heat corrosion resistant Black E coat finish No special adapters required Weighs 35 oza Fits ASP BRAT ENYA FOX HP IRVINE K & B OS MAX ROYAL YS SUPER TIGRE mufflers fbi available si hobby shop ORDER DIRECT immediate shipment ChecK MO Visa MC COD accepted Add $250 UPS $2tOlor COD 6% salesias Calif resident SEMI-SCALE Radio Control Sport/Trainer Wirrg span e7 3I4 LengtC 37 rIo see Locai Deaier PAUL K GUILLOW INC WAKEFIELD MA 01880 October 1989 59 Ron Andrews Binghamton NY area DSC Fly Baby Rossi Super Stock 05 RC car motor pulls around sky help 8 x 4 prop seven 800-mAh Ni-Cd cells Model weighs very light 32 oz $2495 CAT NO BOO Al Veagle Willimatic CT uses geared co balt 15 original design 52-in model weighs about 57 oz 12-cell bat tery pack SM-4 speed control Prop 11 x 7 Kopski flew liked 5I6i Salisfaction Guaranteed EAv HINE-EEZ SH71O Pkg of24 $295 THE HIGH-TECH HINGE DESIGNED FOR THE CYANOACRYLATE AGE Easier inslali other hinge No gouging picking messy epoxies Simply cut single knife Slot hinge slide ihe hinges place apply few drops favorite CA glue youre done SUPER FAST SUPER EASY SUPER STRONG 7de S&jt ce4 MFG CO INC.401-7 So Front St Montezuma IA 50171 623-5154 peck Silver-Streak 035 LUIRIC SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ONLY 26 OZ USES LESS CURRENT TURNS 63 PROP 12000 RPM 66 AMPS IDEAL FOR SMALL RIC & FREE FLIGHT MOTOR ONLY *1995 CATALOG #30 O PHONE 619 448 18 18 BOX 2498-MA ESA CA 92044 RC Old-Timers/Mathews Continued page 153 rule Scorpion tends balance nose-heavy CU should chord weight should close 10-oz rule possible Scorpion satisfying model build fly its thin wing airfoil has really good climbeven O&R 29 doesnt have power some repro 29s glide isnt good some floaters much faster outstanding windy weather Notice Jerry doesnt say anything about spiral stability Obviously radio installed Scorpion has something going Plans No 4E3 available John Pond OldTime Plan Service 253 No 4th St PO Box 90310 San Jose CA 95109-3310 An anatomical impossibility started make heading paragraph Wanna put Tiger Scorpion isnt sensible Herb WahI Box 61 Forksville PA 18616 cur rently manufacturing reproductions Bunch Tiger engine familiar Herbs previous Brown Ohlsson reproduc tions can attest quality work recommend him sky Tiger later Bunch engine looks much like Mighty Midget/Gwinn Aero shown reproduced ad Contact Herb WahI availability price reproductions Another option Forster 29 35 power plants being reproduced RJL Industries out California Forsters original casting dies being used new engines being ma chined modern computer-controlled units Both late-model front-intake ver sions engines however equipped original-style Forster ignition timers Phantom P-30 fuel tanks aspect oper ation find fascinating fact engines being boxed original re printed Forster boxes Fifties will clude original Forster instruction sheets Write RJL Industries PO Box 5 Sierra Madre CA 91024 telephone 1-818/359-0016 Now heres slow builder Back Sixties Seventies sons compet ing Nats level fun aspects Na tionals Scale cage Back 100 FF Scale entries placed chickenwire cage mounted risers handful RC Scale ships would too well lots CL Scale planes view first day meet until night before Scale event flown Since Navy host meet Scale cage usually hangar separate larger housed contestant workbenches model boxes Yes model competed Nats built right meet workbenches particularly Free Flights Both hangars full activity late hours night some modelers actually working entries night competition flights next day great fun unforgettable experience now long gone Nats chief judges event directors Free Flightand occasion ally CLevents wonderfully efficient friendly couple named Bill Irene Knepp Sons still recall fondly day As years have worn have managed keep touch Bill has frequently provided three-views full-scale aircraft rare would question authentic ity integrity source year ago Bill sent photo re cently completed Buccaneer Standard three-view column October 1986 following story Way back dim days September 1937 entered Gas model contest Scranton PA Bill Effinger Owner Berkeley Models small Buccaneer also new Super Buccaneer small interested said hed have kit Out few months t days really meant box full balsa strips sheet blocks builder took early 1938 sent kit began building However enlisted Navy May year sold partially completed Buc caneer Standard friends really never built few years ago ordered plans new version WE Technical Services sappointed beefed up structure much called Fox 40 power opinion would way too much So fi nally put drawings board traced outlines onto some clean paper drew own structure much along lines wrote about mounted 05 25 first flew last spring flies beautifully 5 lb OS turns 11 x 6 prop doesnt know difference close what dreamed about original started long ago So took Bill Knepp 50 years get Buc caneer Standard air Some us have started projects should have left trash man first place RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 59 up find Out Conversely speed controls intended used fewer six cells pretty much have hard-wired receiver technical reasons latter fol low Speed controls use MOSFETs metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistorEd cho sen very low On-resistance low-R FETs need six volts little gate drive signal Normally gate signal comes motor-battery-powered speed-control electronics Speed controls intended used fewer six motor cells have utilize receiver battery way another add lower motor battery voltage make up necessary tal gate drive voltage What means such controls can t use optical coupling re ceiver its battery must hard-wired motor control electronics Now know some low-cell-count speed controls may glitch ier others Another speed control preference power control signal motor high rate rather frame rate now just want describe difference save reasons future column high-rate type control uses high switching rate power on/off proportionally control motor types typically produce audible sound motor itself easily recognized low throttle settings whine motor singing frame-rate types use basic transmitter signal frame timing usually around 50 Hz LEARNING TO FLY RADIO CONTROL MODEL AIRPLANES Book Taught Tens Thousands covers * Selecting First Plane * Beginners First Turns * The Stall Friends * Takeoffs Landings * Simple Aerobatics * Deadstick Landings * Flying High Winds * Advanced Aerobatics * Teaching Yourself Absolutely Have copy send $995 plus $100 postage handling CARROLL CONSULTING Box 3391 Arlington VA 22201 October 1989 157 Dont Fly Like Buy Book FIBERGLASS PARTS Over 237 cowls kit scratch built models Also over 34 round cowls ranging 4 14-7/8 diameter 55 diff size & shape wheel pants custom Make Parts Vacuum Form Canopies Plome mmd $1 couplet kt TAD FIBERILASS SPECIALTIES 38624 Mt Kisco Dr Sterling l-lgts Ml 48310 PHONE 313421-6358 RUlED & HEAITREAIEO WIRE GEARS & CASAWES PHONE 313 978-2512 PERFECT PATTERNS Fly perfect patterns time F&Es very affordable fiberglass-and-foam pattern planes Vertigo Ii- oldie goodie 65 span 50 fuselage 600 total wing area Designed 60 power Trike gear Kit #A-1038 $9995 md shipping Phoenix V VI proven trophy-winners board renowned Don Lowe Choose 3 sizes power requirements suit own competitive needs Phoenix V 40 Kit #A-1026 $7995 Phoenix V 60 Kit #A-1027 $8995 Phoenix VI 80 Kit #A-1028 $9995 md shipping Cure-Air aerobat anhedral 64 span 680 l wing area Special anhedral stabs make Cure-Air behave like dream t side up upside down 60 power Kit #A-1006 $9995 md shipping F&E kits feature precision-molded fiberglass fuselages balsa-covered foam wings reduced weight Write call FREE 16-p catalog pattern planes stand-off scale current classic warbirds trainer today I Farnsworth & Elroy Inc I-I 1836 Stout Drive inster PA 18974 675-9882 clock power flow motor sound can heard too being low rate often sounds like rattle rumble motor model framework coveringespecially gear drives Ill have some interesting experimental re suits present future two types controls behavior Another preference Ive developed liking MOSFETs attached common metal heat sink like row MOS FETs standing air metal mounting tabs sharing common heat sink reasoning runs like several MOS FETs used controls usually two wired parallel share controlling motor However very unlikely several FETs will electrically identical dinarily some performance variations FET FET same type have found typically bunch gets hotter next hottest hot another etc clear indicator MOSFETs sharing equally job hand Attaching MOSFET mounting tabs common heat sink helps equalize tempera tures among just feel whole lot bet ter case Other features like include two adjustments both stick position stick range can ad justed means trim screw used set beginning power application motor chosen amount stick trim motion off limit other trim screw assures full power applied just before other limit stick throw Often two adjustments interactive some back-and-forth trimming needed get everything just right Maybe its bit inconvenient its lot better having ability set both stick parameters Other likes include speed controls can easily installed model things just hard mount re ceiver lead-out wires provided some sort strain relief merely held sembly solder joint Id always pre fer have electronics exposedas case open printed circuit board really dislike control misbehaves unit gets wetor very dampand does hap pen As other things life speedcon trot facts features trade-offs---I never seem get preferences same time Nevertheless lot Electric flying speed controlsquite variety themand thats Ive come develop likes dislikes novel motor mounting method intro duced column way back July 87 sue consists clamping motor wooden V block ply mounting plate part fuselage structure means two straps made lengths yellow ner part Sullivan Golden Rods 2-56 screws draw straps tight Ive using method several planes including 40powered Exciter method has totally trouble-freealmost What Ive noticed recently some planes occasionally motor seems loosen little beginning wonder somehow strap now different strap Well finally figured Out whats happen ing turns out installations mo tor case temperature gets very hot clamps seem stretch some motor may get bit loose has always taken form an noyance has never caused problems just tighten up some draw screws planes theres lots cooling airas Caliph pictured referenced issue no such thing happening case Ive never clamp fail fully intend keep right using method now Ill pay routine attention motor mount tight ness future Ill also pay attention airflow over motor youll see what fol lows heat-related info Regular readers column know Im very much favor flow ing air around through motor battery planes designed such air travel mind always arrange some incoming air flow among cells out fuse lage personally dont care overall battery wrappers disallow cooling air contact individual cells also tend retain heat pack Recently began wonder quantitative way about merits such airflow always knew worked wondered much really helped Using new Skyvolt design experiment flew air intake alternately open blocked between flights during/ after charging force-cooled pack blower near-ambient temperature flight began batteries relatively cool battery installation cobalt 15powered Skyvolt consists dozen 900s no significant cooling air directed toward motor flow through cells battery mentioned Typical flights fairly aggressiveie fairly high current consump tionlasting little over four minutes Battery temperature measured temperature probe several cells negative ends before after flight motor rear end bell tempera ture also recorded After several flights cooling airflow following pattern emerged airflow designed after-flight cell tempera tures averaged about 13 0C 23 0F above before-flight temperature air intake blocked cell temperature rose average about 22 0C 40 0F reaching absolute values high 65 0C 149 0Fwell past threshold pain folks same time postflight motor housing tem peratures varied somewhat flight flight covered range about 800 90 0C Note 1000C high enough boil water Anyway kind motor heat doesnt seem bother motor does seem allow small amount stretching Golden Rod mo tor clamps described above above experiments preliminary limited number limited plane hope such investigating stallations time goes along case al ways did think such cooling airflow bat tery did help keep temperatures lowerand now both know sure does significant amount come attended Second Annual Lehigh Valley Ra dio Control Society Electric meet June 17-18 planned some photos month taken have lots good pixjust no room include em Anyway LVRCS did great job fine fun meet lucked out because rained virtually continuously days prior meet weather broke essentially during night just before meet openingto give us two glorious sunny days Ellis Grumer Tom Castellano assisted number LVRCS members did fine job running affair Activities fun-fly 158 Model Aviation GLIDER RETRACTS Precision units made USA air craft quality materials Two 1/4 scale size units choose Std-up ID lbs HD over 10 lbs $5000 na $350 S&H CA res add 70/0 tax Send Sase information glass 1/4 scale OG 202 fuselage 1 /3 & 1/5 scale retracts available soon Scale Glider Components 7034 FERN PLACE CARLSBAD CA 92009 16193 931-1438 LAS VEGAS NEVADA QSAA INTERNATIONAL 0 13th ANNUAL FLY-IN OCTOBER 26THRU29 1989 LARGEST 1/4 SCALE EVENT IN THE WORLD 4 FOR QSAA MEMBERSHIP APPLICA TION RENEWAL FORM AND DETAILED INFORMATION SEND LONG STAMPED SELF ADDRESSED ENVELOPE TO QSAA PO BOX 13980 LAS VEGAS NV 89112 AT* Four Days Fun Enjoyment * Headquarters boat Hotel LAS Visas NEVADAB9IO4* Static Display CALL TOLL FREE* Flying Site Eldorado Dry Lake 1 8008262800 * Banquet rday Evening dial di 702-385-9123* Tables Available Manufacturers Make oom eservo ons early & tell yos * Aircraft Quarter Scale Larger m ho S A o eceive room dscount* Pre-Entry Only Deadline September 24 1989 naturesuch loops balloon burst AllUp/Last-Down Attendance up 39 registrantsb last year Word must have gotten around Anyway heres thank ing LVRCS two fine days hoping theyll continue third annual next year readers toying idea clubs sponsoring Electric meet have two short words DO IT lay smokin keyboard rest Please direct comment question SASE please address shown column header Happy quiet power landings RC Scale/Tacie Continued page 61 crowding flying sites Its obvious own good need address prob lem quickly possible mention Pattern fliers leading way model engine noise reduction methods using varied methods can adopted Scale some practical instance Scale modeler does always have luxury designing fuse lage shape around tuned pipe large muf flers can very difficult conceal within cowl some lessons could learned what Pattern fliers doing Lower engine rpm results lower dB fliers have chosen go smallerdiameter propellers higher pitch blades long stroke four-stroke engines have helped make approach possible Ingenuity mount ing methods has also provided gains reducing noise levels Rubber-based engine mounts have proven themselves effective different methods rubber mounting tried seem help some degree Scale modelers like Pattern fliers have al ready turned four-stroke engine dif ferent reasons Pattern fliers turned lower noise level high torque provided Scale fliers have turned because sound realistic Scale model perceived noise reduction just comes along added ben efit believe its unrealistic see electric-powered models enter competitive level some time future based per formance gains realized recently Engine manufacturers have relatively slow respond modelers needs area noise reduction inevitably will forced provide what need Some prog ress has become visible just last few months can hope years product shows will have some examples new tech nology display Its time Scale modelers band together share methods noise reduction other have good ideas have worked youor news products helpful reducing model airplane noise levels please share us will happy make sure get distributed other modelers through pages Model Aviation through NASA National Association Scale Aero modelers newsletter Replica Please include good photos good drawings possible Until next time May skies remain Scale responding advertisers mention read about MoclelAviation RC Pylon Racing/Hager Continued page 62 timing perspective abilities developed caller will prove invaluable later step flying competition made direct experience type help needed beginner However hesitate ask help experienced Racer feeling nothing can offered return Teamed up veteran pilot needs regular caller novice now afforded op portunity return something cause pi lot needs calling services novice novice learns pilot oway interdependence foundation very heart teamwork people have never experienced tal successful teamwork may tend reject approach regular team caller however inexperiencedcan offer benefits pilot experienced caller used random basis Despite may ask take chance losing races caller doesnt have experience natural reaction both pilot caller will feel same way pilot feels competitive chances will hurt using inexperienced caller caller does want cause pilots possible downfall feeling can eliminated fully appre ciating pilots job callers job tal operation two working team Tbe pilots job show up race day competitive horsepower straight airplanes props work very rarely happens everyone strives basic combination Conunued page 162 October 1989 159
Edition: Model Aviation - 1989/10
Page Numbers: 58, 59, 157, 158, 159
A CORRECTION has made August column page 135 three tables have consistent error RPM col umn numbers shown 10 times too small Somehow dropped 0 example first rpm value should 11830 1183 shown true rpm values three tables Im sorry caused anyone trouble DEAF stands Dallas Electric Aircraft Fliers holding third annual Electric Fly-In Saturday October 7 club flying field paved runway Simonds Park Segoville TX meet scheduled 900 am 430 pm general fun-fly All-Up/Last-Down event Gliders nonGliders info contact CD Frank Kor man 5834 Goodwin Dallas TX 75206 tele phone 1-214/821-0393 after five oclock local time Frank tells largest Electric meet Texas folks run looking grow moreso lets sure help achieve goal Tentative plans announced column last month October Electric meet Cape Cod now theyve become firm plans Its called Fifth Annual Southeastern Mass Elec tric Fly year its being hosted both Cape Cod RC Club Discover Flying RC Club CD Charlie Sylvia can reach him 31 Perry St Middleboro MA 02346 Charlie CS Flight Systemsin case name sounded familiar meet two-day affair scheduled October 28-29 Events include AMA 610 611 plus Loops Duration events day separate separate regi strations $8 So Just thought season over East Coast heres Electric meet rescue Tell Charlie ya read MA bare-bones Mirage pictured col umn July issue just happens three Electrics given away Tenth Annual KRC Electric Fly September 1617 some facts figures frame work As pictured wing weighs 6 oz tail group hinges horns comes 1 oz fuselage including landing gear cowling wheels pants pushrods another 8 oz Thus bones total pound Ive chance fly Mirage different can tell great flyin plane six l2-Ah Ni-Cds running kit Turbo 550 motor power combination adequate maintain shallow steady safe climb plane becomes alive seven cells would expect will ROG short grass either pack speed control adds another fun dimension beyond would personally consider necessity seven-cell pack because motor current goes up considerably seven cells Id feel better about motor brush life speed control allowing highest power needed throttling back adequate power other times flight characteristics Mirage smooth steadydefinitely comfortablewith no funnies Based hands-on experience can heartily recommend Goldberg Mirage best thing builder pilot flew well inexperienced Mi rage working out very well him train erwhich what its supposed happen wondering 58 Model Aviation Radio Conoi Electrics Bob Kopski 25 West End Dr Lansdale PA 19446 Bill Mickey Bowne brought pair interesting Electrics LVRCS weekend fly-in Mickeys twin Leisure 05-powered Northrop F-iS La photo recon version P-61 Black Widow uses 14 800-mAh cells motors wired series All-up weight plane about 54 oz beat Kopski Sundays All-Up/Last-Down event Bills Yak 50 above mototates cobalt 25 direct drive using 14 800-mAh cells All-up weight 54 scratchbuilt uses sheet-covered foam wing Bill designed using com puter program written Chuck Cunninghams column RCM two shots same model Tony Fiori Zieglerville PA built pair P-Si Mustangs old Dyna Flite kits Larger L 60-size powered geared 40 cobalt All-up weight 8 lb including retracts Its power pack 18 1200-mAh Ni-Cds con trolled Jomar SC-4 Smaller Mustang R 40-size geared 15 cobalt turning 12 x B prop does job All-up weight about 70 other two giveaway Electrics UHU Skyvolt latter just also happened pictured bare bones same July column Speed controls mentioned above some thoughts subject Im personally very big speed controls can tell Ex cept Astro Challenger Leisure Lanzo Bomber Electrics seven others have speed controls reason dont have em Glider Old-Timer because used climb-and-glide motor On/Oft craft Anyway Ive lot experience speed controls have developed some personal feel ings preferences subject over years have choice Ill always choose control thats optically isolated means speed control cable connects receiver throttle servo connector does electrically tie receiver speed control together throt tle signal transmitted speed control circui try optically device latter called what elsean Opto Coupler So what Well lack direct connection radio motor subsystems has real advantage average less motor noise gets receiver experience can re sult noticeably less glitching flight long As best can tell speed controls designed six cells able use optical couplersbut does mean Its Continued page 157 SAV5 YOUR FIELD SNUF LER muffler low cost easy install lightweight sound reducing muffler no performance penalty answer AMA muffler rule suggestions saving flying fields Meets AMA muffler rule suggestions 3 10 decibels quieter stock muffler No power loss possible 300-500 RPM increase improves engine idle s better fuel economy Easily attached 25-108 stock mufflers Heat corrosion resistant Black E coat finish No special adapters required Weighs 35 oza Fits ASP BRAT ENYA FOX HP IRVINE K & B OS MAX ROYAL YS SUPER TIGRE mufflers fbi available si hobby shop ORDER DIRECT immediate shipment ChecK MO Visa MC COD accepted Add $250 UPS $2tOlor COD 6% salesias Calif resident SEMI-SCALE Radio Control Sport/Trainer Wirrg span e7 3I4 LengtC 37 rIo see Locai Deaier PAUL K GUILLOW INC WAKEFIELD MA 01880 October 1989 59 Ron Andrews Binghamton NY area DSC Fly Baby Rossi Super Stock 05 RC car motor pulls around sky help 8 x 4 prop seven 800-mAh Ni-Cd cells Model weighs very light 32 oz $2495 CAT NO BOO Al Veagle Willimatic CT uses geared co balt 15 original design 52-in model weighs about 57 oz 12-cell bat tery pack SM-4 speed control Prop 11 x 7 Kopski flew liked 5I6i Salisfaction Guaranteed EAv HINE-EEZ SH71O Pkg of24 $295 THE HIGH-TECH HINGE DESIGNED FOR THE CYANOACRYLATE AGE Easier inslali other hinge No gouging picking messy epoxies Simply cut single knife Slot hinge slide ihe hinges place apply few drops favorite CA glue youre done SUPER FAST SUPER EASY SUPER STRONG 7de S&jt ce4 MFG CO INC.401-7 So Front St Montezuma IA 50171 623-5154 peck Silver-Streak 035 LUIRIC SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ONLY 26 OZ USES LESS CURRENT TURNS 63 PROP 12000 RPM 66 AMPS IDEAL FOR SMALL RIC & FREE FLIGHT MOTOR ONLY *1995 CATALOG #30 O PHONE 619 448 18 18 BOX 2498-MA ESA CA 92044 RC Old-Timers/Mathews Continued page 153 rule Scorpion tends balance nose-heavy CU should chord weight should close 10-oz rule possible Scorpion satisfying model build fly its thin wing airfoil has really good climbeven O&R 29 doesnt have power some repro 29s glide isnt good some floaters much faster outstanding windy weather Notice Jerry doesnt say anything about spiral stability Obviously radio installed Scorpion has something going Plans No 4E3 available John Pond OldTime Plan Service 253 No 4th St PO Box 90310 San Jose CA 95109-3310 An anatomical impossibility started make heading paragraph Wanna put Tiger Scorpion isnt sensible Herb WahI Box 61 Forksville PA 18616 cur rently manufacturing reproductions Bunch Tiger engine familiar Herbs previous Brown Ohlsson reproduc tions can attest quality work recommend him sky Tiger later Bunch engine looks much like Mighty Midget/Gwinn Aero shown reproduced ad Contact Herb WahI availability price reproductions Another option Forster 29 35 power plants being reproduced RJL Industries out California Forsters original casting dies being used new engines being ma chined modern computer-controlled units Both late-model front-intake ver sions engines however equipped original-style Forster ignition timers Phantom P-30 fuel tanks aspect oper ation find fascinating fact engines being boxed original re printed Forster boxes Fifties will clude original Forster instruction sheets Write RJL Industries PO Box 5 Sierra Madre CA 91024 telephone 1-818/359-0016 Now heres slow builder Back Sixties Seventies sons compet ing Nats level fun aspects Na tionals Scale cage Back 100 FF Scale entries placed chickenwire cage mounted risers handful RC Scale ships would too well lots CL Scale planes view first day meet until night before Scale event flown Since Navy host meet Scale cage usually hangar separate larger housed contestant workbenches model boxes Yes model competed Nats built right meet workbenches particularly Free Flights Both hangars full activity late hours night some modelers actually working entries night competition flights next day great fun unforgettable experience now long gone Nats chief judges event directors Free Flightand occasion ally CLevents wonderfully efficient friendly couple named Bill Irene Knepp Sons still recall fondly day As years have worn have managed keep touch Bill has frequently provided three-views full-scale aircraft rare would question authentic ity integrity source year ago Bill sent photo re cently completed Buccaneer Standard three-view column October 1986 following story Way back dim days September 1937 entered Gas model contest Scranton PA Bill Effinger Owner Berkeley Models small Buccaneer also new Super Buccaneer small interested said hed have kit Out few months t days really meant box full balsa strips sheet blocks builder took early 1938 sent kit began building However enlisted Navy May year sold partially completed Buc caneer Standard friends really never built few years ago ordered plans new version WE Technical Services sappointed beefed up structure much called Fox 40 power opinion would way too much So fi nally put drawings board traced outlines onto some clean paper drew own structure much along lines wrote about mounted 05 25 first flew last spring flies beautifully 5 lb OS turns 11 x 6 prop doesnt know difference close what dreamed about original started long ago So took Bill Knepp 50 years get Buc caneer Standard air Some us have started projects should have left trash man first place RC Electrics/Kopski Continued page 59 up find Out Conversely speed controls intended used fewer six cells pretty much have hard-wired receiver technical reasons latter fol low Speed controls use MOSFETs metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistorEd cho sen very low On-resistance low-R FETs need six volts little gate drive signal Normally gate signal comes motor-battery-powered speed-control electronics Speed controls intended used fewer six motor cells have utilize receiver battery way another add lower motor battery voltage make up necessary tal gate drive voltage What means such controls can t use optical coupling re ceiver its battery must hard-wired motor control electronics Now know some low-cell-count speed controls may glitch ier others Another speed control preference power control signal motor high rate rather frame rate now just want describe difference save reasons future column high-rate type control uses high switching rate power on/off proportionally control motor types typically produce audible sound motor itself easily recognized low throttle settings whine motor singing frame-rate types use basic transmitter signal frame timing usually around 50 Hz LEARNING TO FLY RADIO CONTROL MODEL AIRPLANES Book Taught Tens Thousands covers * Selecting First Plane * Beginners First Turns * The Stall Friends * Takeoffs Landings * Simple Aerobatics * Deadstick Landings * Flying High Winds * Advanced Aerobatics * Teaching Yourself Absolutely Have copy send $995 plus $100 postage handling CARROLL CONSULTING Box 3391 Arlington VA 22201 October 1989 157 Dont Fly Like Buy Book FIBERGLASS PARTS Over 237 cowls kit scratch built models Also over 34 round cowls ranging 4 14-7/8 diameter 55 diff size & shape wheel pants custom Make Parts Vacuum Form Canopies Plome mmd $1 couplet kt TAD FIBERILASS SPECIALTIES 38624 Mt Kisco Dr Sterling l-lgts Ml 48310 PHONE 313421-6358 RUlED & HEAITREAIEO WIRE GEARS & CASAWES PHONE 313 978-2512 PERFECT PATTERNS Fly perfect patterns time F&Es very affordable fiberglass-and-foam pattern planes Vertigo Ii- oldie goodie 65 span 50 fuselage 600 total wing area Designed 60 power Trike gear Kit #A-1038 $9995 md shipping Phoenix V VI proven trophy-winners board renowned Don Lowe Choose 3 sizes power requirements suit own competitive needs Phoenix V 40 Kit #A-1026 $7995 Phoenix V 60 Kit #A-1027 $8995 Phoenix VI 80 Kit #A-1028 $9995 md shipping Cure-Air aerobat anhedral 64 span 680 l wing area Special anhedral stabs make Cure-Air behave like dream t side up upside down 60 power Kit #A-1006 $9995 md shipping F&E kits feature precision-molded fiberglass fuselages balsa-covered foam wings reduced weight Write call FREE 16-p catalog pattern planes stand-off scale current classic warbirds trainer today I Farnsworth & Elroy Inc I-I 1836 Stout Drive inster PA 18974 675-9882 clock power flow motor sound can heard too being low rate often sounds like rattle rumble motor model framework coveringespecially gear drives Ill have some interesting experimental re suits present future two types controls behavior Another preference Ive developed liking MOSFETs attached common metal heat sink like row MOS FETs standing air metal mounting tabs sharing common heat sink reasoning runs like several MOS FETs used controls usually two wired parallel share controlling motor However very unlikely several FETs will electrically identical dinarily some performance variations FET FET same type have found typically bunch gets hotter next hottest hot another etc clear indicator MOSFETs sharing equally job hand Attaching MOSFET mounting tabs common heat sink helps equalize tempera tures among just feel whole lot bet ter case Other features like include two adjustments both stick position stick range can ad justed means trim screw used set beginning power application motor chosen amount stick trim motion off limit other trim screw assures full power applied just before other limit stick throw Often two adjustments interactive some back-and-forth trimming needed get everything just right Maybe its bit inconvenient its lot better having ability set both stick parameters Other likes include speed controls can easily installed model things just hard mount re ceiver lead-out wires provided some sort strain relief merely held sembly solder joint Id always pre fer have electronics exposedas case open printed circuit board really dislike control misbehaves unit gets wetor very dampand does hap pen As other things life speedcon trot facts features trade-offs---I never seem get preferences same time Nevertheless lot Electric flying speed controlsquite variety themand thats Ive come develop likes dislikes novel motor mounting method intro duced column way back July 87 sue consists clamping motor wooden V block ply mounting plate part fuselage structure means two straps made lengths yellow ner part Sullivan Golden Rods 2-56 screws draw straps tight Ive using method several planes including 40powered Exciter method has totally trouble-freealmost What Ive noticed recently some planes occasionally motor seems loosen little beginning wonder somehow strap now different strap Well finally figured Out whats happen ing turns out installations mo tor case temperature gets very hot clamps seem stretch some motor may get bit loose has always taken form an noyance has never caused problems just tighten up some draw screws planes theres lots cooling airas Caliph pictured referenced issue no such thing happening case Ive never clamp fail fully intend keep right using method now Ill pay routine attention motor mount tight ness future Ill also pay attention airflow over motor youll see what fol lows heat-related info Regular readers column know Im very much favor flow ing air around through motor battery planes designed such air travel mind always arrange some incoming air flow among cells out fuse lage personally dont care overall battery wrappers disallow cooling air contact individual cells also tend retain heat pack Recently began wonder quantitative way about merits such airflow always knew worked wondered much really helped Using new Skyvolt design experiment flew air intake alternately open blocked between flights during/ after charging force-cooled pack blower near-ambient temperature flight began batteries relatively cool battery installation cobalt 15powered Skyvolt consists dozen 900s no significant cooling air directed toward motor flow through cells battery mentioned Typical flights fairly aggressiveie fairly high current consump tionlasting little over four minutes Battery temperature measured temperature probe several cells negative ends before after flight motor rear end bell tempera ture also recorded After several flights cooling airflow following pattern emerged airflow designed after-flight cell tempera tures averaged about 13 0C 23 0F above before-flight temperature air intake blocked cell temperature rose average about 22 0C 40 0F reaching absolute values high 65 0C 149 0Fwell past threshold pain folks same time postflight motor housing tem peratures varied somewhat flight flight covered range about 800 90 0C Note 1000C high enough boil water Anyway kind motor heat doesnt seem bother motor does seem allow small amount stretching Golden Rod mo tor clamps described above above experiments preliminary limited number limited plane hope such investigating stallations time goes along case al ways did think such cooling airflow bat tery did help keep temperatures lowerand now both know sure does significant amount come attended Second Annual Lehigh Valley Ra dio Control Society Electric meet June 17-18 planned some photos month taken have lots good pixjust no room include em Anyway LVRCS did great job fine fun meet lucked out because rained virtually continuously days prior meet weather broke essentially during night just before meet openingto give us two glorious sunny days Ellis Grumer Tom Castellano assisted number LVRCS members did fine job running affair Activities fun-fly 158 Model Aviation GLIDER RETRACTS Precision units made USA air craft quality materials Two 1/4 scale size units choose Std-up ID lbs HD over 10 lbs $5000 na $350 S&H CA res add 70/0 tax Send Sase information glass 1/4 scale OG 202 fuselage 1 /3 & 1/5 scale retracts available soon Scale Glider Components 7034 FERN PLACE CARLSBAD CA 92009 16193 931-1438 LAS VEGAS NEVADA QSAA INTERNATIONAL 0 13th ANNUAL FLY-IN OCTOBER 26THRU29 1989 LARGEST 1/4 SCALE EVENT IN THE WORLD 4 FOR QSAA MEMBERSHIP APPLICA TION RENEWAL FORM AND DETAILED INFORMATION SEND LONG STAMPED SELF ADDRESSED ENVELOPE TO QSAA PO BOX 13980 LAS VEGAS NV 89112 AT* Four Days Fun Enjoyment * Headquarters boat Hotel LAS Visas NEVADAB9IO4* Static Display CALL TOLL FREE* Flying Site Eldorado Dry Lake 1 8008262800 * Banquet rday Evening dial di 702-385-9123* Tables Available Manufacturers Make oom eservo ons early & tell yos * Aircraft Quarter Scale Larger m ho S A o eceive room dscount* Pre-Entry Only Deadline September 24 1989 naturesuch loops balloon burst AllUp/Last-Down Attendance up 39 registrantsb last year Word must have gotten around Anyway heres thank ing LVRCS two fine days hoping theyll continue third annual next year readers toying idea clubs sponsoring Electric meet have two short words DO IT lay smokin keyboard rest Please direct comment question SASE please address shown column header Happy quiet power landings RC Scale/Tacie Continued page 61 crowding flying sites Its obvious own good need address prob lem quickly possible mention Pattern fliers leading way model engine noise reduction methods using varied methods can adopted Scale some practical instance Scale modeler does always have luxury designing fuse lage shape around tuned pipe large muf flers can very difficult conceal within cowl some lessons could learned what Pattern fliers doing Lower engine rpm results lower dB fliers have chosen go smallerdiameter propellers higher pitch blades long stroke four-stroke engines have helped make approach possible Ingenuity mount ing methods has also provided gains reducing noise levels Rubber-based engine mounts have proven themselves effective different methods rubber mounting tried seem help some degree Scale modelers like Pattern fliers have al ready turned four-stroke engine dif ferent reasons Pattern fliers turned lower noise level high torque provided Scale fliers have turned because sound realistic Scale model perceived noise reduction just comes along added ben efit believe its unrealistic see electric-powered models enter competitive level some time future based per formance gains realized recently Engine manufacturers have relatively slow respond modelers needs area noise reduction inevitably will forced provide what need Some prog ress has become visible just last few months can hope years product shows will have some examples new tech nology display Its time Scale modelers band together share methods noise reduction other have good ideas have worked youor news products helpful reducing model airplane noise levels please share us will happy make sure get distributed other modelers through pages Model Aviation through NASA National Association Scale Aero modelers newsletter Replica Please include good photos good drawings possible Until next time May skies remain Scale responding advertisers mention read about MoclelAviation RC Pylon Racing/Hager Continued page 62 timing perspective abilities developed caller will prove invaluable later step flying competition made direct experience type help needed beginner However hesitate ask help experienced Racer feeling nothing can offered return Teamed up veteran pilot needs regular caller novice now afforded op portunity return something cause pi lot needs calling services novice novice learns pilot oway interdependence foundation very heart teamwork people have never experienced tal successful teamwork may tend reject approach regular team caller however inexperiencedcan offer benefits pilot experienced caller used random basis Despite may ask take chance losing races caller doesnt have experience natural reaction both pilot caller will feel same way pilot feels competitive chances will hurt using inexperienced caller caller does want cause pilots possible downfall feeling can eliminated fully appre ciating pilots job callers job tal operation two working team Tbe pilots job show up race day competitive horsepower straight airplanes props work very rarely happens everyone strives basic combination Conunued page 162 October 1989 159