a loec ni ue George M Myers SELDOM receive letter precisely accords intentions column replied Don letter forms basis column Naturally letter bit shorter no figures hope helped him have taken elementary course electricity will have built electric motor rudimentary form use piece iron stuck shaft manner propeller wind coil copper wire about iron bringing coil ends Out along shaft end op posite sides shaft diameter Fastening wires place insulating material use assembly make electrical contact coil call commutator Next mount shaft supports allow motor spin freely iron bar coil copper wire mounted shaft bearings motor iron bar alone core motor order bring power motor fasten pair wires battery let ends rest commutator wires call brushes DC electric motors have After have followed steps description thing happens However can use bit iron compass discover because electrical current flowing coil iron bar has become magnetized have created electromagnet basis electric motor electromagnet Further can discover rotate motor 1800 its shaft electromagnetism re verses because commutator has reversed electrical connections coil too basic DC electric motors order able getthe motor some work have give electromagnet some thing push against Conventionally take permanent magnet place parallel elec tromagnet order promote efficient use forces attach pole pieces per manent magnet conduct magnetic forces right up ends electromagnet Now give motor spin should keep tum ing have built classic two-pole permanent-magnet DC electric motor Two pole because electromagnet has North pole South pole Unfortunately motor has spun get started isnt much help us get around problem can split core Y shape wind three coils coil surrounding leg Y connected pair contacts com mutator commutator may seem bit complicated because supports three con tacts thus coils draw current same time important point coils will draw twice much others As result no matter motor stops put current coils resulting forces will unbalanced causing motor start itself spinning Using odd number poles has made motor selfstarting seek smoother-running motor can split core odd number parts 5 7 9 etc Lets examine core moment has iron some magnetically-susceptible mate rial Its functions conduct magnetic field permanent magnet concentrate magnetic force generated electric coil Because core made material magnetically susceptible capable being tracted magnet core will always try align itself permanent magnetic field tween pole pieces must real work move out its preferred position core five-pointed star motor will have 10 resting positions rotate motor power OFF will feel motor cogging through positions Remember thatits important answer seeking Jumping ahead bit should obvious could get rid core motor wouldnt have preferred resting positions would spin rather freely power OFF Im going assume have already looked pictures know Nam iki coreless motor Airtronics 94554 servo looks like basket examine con struction carefully see coreless motor built inside-out respect basic motor described above magnet located inside basket magnetic conductor would normally have core motor instead wrapped around exterior basket high efficiency gap between magnet conductor must kept very small same time motor basket made weaving very fine wires together encapsulating plastic must very pre cisely made Its hard precise working thin shells made relatively soft mate rials reason coreless motors cost cored motors should now clear conventional elec tric motor tends stop itself core tries line up force field permanent mag net power tumed OFF coreless motor coasts unimpeded can deduce two things want coreless motor stop youll have something make stop 2 coreless motor should produce useful work given quantity electri cal energy compared cored rmtor because doesnt have fight core constantly trying stop preferred position purposes visualization could imag ine make coreless motor sliding coils conventional motor out along core until form shell remove core Thus understand magnetic forces 30 Model Aviation Dear George Having just read article January 1983 issue decided write article made reference almost frictionless characteristics coreless motors Since have just ordered new Airtronics Cham pionship Series radio coreless-motor ser vos am quite interested Just looking specs coreless-motor servos can see powerful fast physical size ads talk about no has explained coreless motors work constructed compared conventional 3- S-pole motor Would possibly some other readers may have same question s Don Austin AMA 19871 coreiess motor trom Ririronics servo reduced its essentials Note magnet assembly nearly tills motor case leftthe plastic button its center brush carrier its bonded magnet supports motor armature basket R within gap between magnet motor case basket obviously wound mandrel encased expoxy tape maintain its shape 5-pole motor right see basic 2-pole DC permanentmagnet electric motor high school stu dents have built science classes sketch above depicts magnetic field such DC motor center sketch above shows armature 3-pole motor would look sketch far right shows 3-pole arma ture would connected Its chief virtue motor becomes self-starting shell construction can identical cored construction whether have 2 3 5or however manypoles motor really makes no difference motor wears its permanent magnet inside basket because magnetic picture same still see lines force concentrated crossing motor shaft along diameter returning cir cumferentially outside motor order extract power motor need connect shaft order connect electricity coils still need commutator Both functions served plastic disk joins basket shaft Since plastic affected magnetism Through courtesy Mr Lee Renaud president Airtronics Inc given two outwardly-identical servos dissect pur poses article So far able tell identical respects save difference between motors results tests table see obvious way detect presence cureless motor servo ist output wheel moves very little resistance have cur eless motor spoke almost fric tionless performance CM servo referring characteristic course now know has nothing mechanical friction traces fact magneticallysusceptible materials have deleted rotating assembly electric motor Some folks may disturbed fact have reported different torques can seen advertising Dont small change voltage supplied motor can produce big change torque have chosen report what see average situation Partially-discharged nickel-cadmium batteries will show 12 VDC hence pack voltage will 48 Thats what presented servo way its plug pigtail time test higher voltage up 56 VDC possible will yield higher torques essential message comes out test data Power OFF can move output wheel coreless-motor servo much easily conventional-motor servo Thats suggested coreless motor servo use spring-loaded Dead Mans Throttle Heli copters Next electrical efficiency Continued page 122 April 1983 31 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE i/ ARMATURE ARMATURE BRUSHBRUSH BATTERY Ill BEARING No Dad dont think youll getting Tower 500 set back again says Tim Myers conclusion testing new system recently-approved AMA RC Channel 40 comments column Heres conventional 5-pole motor Out another Airtronics servo Un left end cap carrying bearing brushes center see motor core made stack ferrous metal plates greater magnetic efficiency motor windings surround 2 poles time motor Within motor case R can seen semicircular pole-magnets North South second shaft bearing bottom case drive gear pried off motor shaft permit disassembly fly water important protect radio Cub small does lend itself waterproof com partment Therefore recommend read follow directions water proofing radio Radio Tech nique column George Myers Feb mary 1982 issue Model Aviation ideal prop Cox TD 09 old Cox 7 X 3/ no longer make 7 x 4 little too much prop TD 09 50 should cut down about 6 rebalancedor use 7 x 3 model Cub flies pretty fast Cub control response very good Ai leron response slow-flying highwinged airplane usually sluggish fly ing Cub little faster keeps response normal Remember dont try rush Cub off water will take off ready Enjoy Cub always some thing special about Piper Cub no matter large small Radio Technique/Myers Continued page 31 coreless-motor servo higher inch-ounces per Watt equal transit times duration flying want coreless-motor ser vos Although cant prove test data fact basket CM much lighter armature conventional motor leads suspect CM will resist shock vibration damage better potential advantage reality rests design manufacturing techniques First look Tower 500 youre like arent inclined take new crop lowpriced radios very seriously case point new Tower Gold System 500 offers plug-in crystal right front panel dual rates aileron elevator servo-reversing ai leron elevator rudder throttle electric trims trainer button output meter Ni-Cds charger receiver four servos less $150 paid just receiver 1971 Pro-Line As matter fact wouldnt looking hadnt sent Tower Hobbies along what essentially challenge Try before make up mind came crystals both ends 72MHz band right middle channels 12 40 56 exact According Towers Bill Bax ter sets come crystals Tower plugs whatever request stock 001% crystals check 100-ft ground range transmitter antenna collapsed receiver antenna dangling out box inside warehouse Never take advertising too seriously tried same thing Theyre right Testing transmitters nearest RC channels set ting exposed transmitter antennae same lengths found Tower trans mitter far away possible moved adjacent-channel transmitter until servos just began jitter distance ratio 201 equates very good performance dont claim narrowband performance say its narrow enough today son Tim screwed Tower Gold 500 well-used Quickee 500 went out some flight tests didnt try everything book Tim did take plane up high hard see maybe 2000 feet col lapsed antenna retained full control antenna down 3 exposed Since testing servos column tested Tower TSS-50 servo found better average Output torque 40 in-oz 900 reversed-cycling transit time 5 sec onds Airtronics servo number9455194554 Torque turn Output Wheel no volts26 06inch-ounces Idle current no control pulse77milliamps 900 Reversed Cycling transit time0505seconds Free-running current12040milliamps Stall current600800milliamps Volts stall4848VOC Stall Torque3560inch-ounces Motor typeConventionalCoreBess 122 Model Aviation can make want looks NEW RADIO NEW RC CHANNELS great easily removed prob WRIGHT FLYER JILl lem 1/2 SPORT SCALE40 ENGINE LI Wa e ed ogged drive coupled wing-warp/rudder GEORGE MARSOEN $19500 Plus Shippine 7621 Mary Cassalt Drive Potomac Md 20854 BUILD WITH THE FINEST IN RC COVERING MATERIALS CECONITE RC FABRIC Heat shrinkable up 10% Will over lighten Attached dope Apply direction Fill weave dope 66 inch width Clear Very strong 18 oz/sq yd 1 yd length 1183 sq ydl $695 3 yd length l59 sq yd $1995 5 yd length 916 sq yd $3195 FILLER COAT Water base paint replaces coats ol clear dope Apply 1-2 coats loam rubber brush Dries 30 minutes 1 01 covers 75 sq S Fuel proot gas glow Use over Ceco nile other tabrics Protects tabric trom sun Apply type ol color paint over Filler Coat Pint $895 Quart 95 SUPER SEAM Lacquer base glue Used standard model building cement Also extra strength applying Ceconite other labrics Clear color Sands easily dries quickly Quart $995 ORDER DIRECT OR AT HOBBY SHOP MASTER CARD VISA accepted USA add $300 postage tax Nevada orders Add $200 COD Send $1 00 information Jerry Nelson Sc Company Post Office Box 12863 Reno Nevada 89510 702-322-0664 transmitters pulse-timing 15 ins s less industry standard should able plug servo youve got set assuming have right plug first-look standpoint system looks like exceptionally good value money great way sample new RC channels five years hard work members AMA Frequency Committee have provided Kudos Tower Hobbies having guts ready Day George M Myers 70 Froehlich Farm Rd Hicksvjlle NY 11801 Hinges/Peltz Continued page 36 sand away just enough surface between piece tubing allow piece covering material slide through easily See Fig 8 covering plane control sur faces run covering material around piece tubing completely enclose will hide its aluminum color will also serve strengthen hinge con siderably See Fig 9 make optional gap seals suggested high-movement surfaces large bevel angles follow steps Cut piece drafting Mylar use acetate will buckle changing hu midity temperature exact length control surface twice de sired width strip width deter mined moving control surface its maximum throw adding one-half width double sticky tape plus another /8-in See Fig 10 Mark center Mylar strip lay down double-sided tape along center full length strip came roll Mylar should have natural curve adhere tape convex side will press against control surface See Fig 11 Cut strip half along full length tape now exact edge what will front gap seal Starting end carefully lay down Mylar strip attached fixed surface control surface will act gap seal now have perfect control sur face hinges could hope Workshop/Kruse Continued oaae 40 us keep overall impression shop its neat well-organized appearance would make vety comfortable re laxed place spend time Through very small outlay money combined genuity planning Harold Rouse has made hobby integral part life style workshop showplace home RC Aerobatics/Van Putte Continued page 43 making aileron corrections use Low-rate ai leron inside loops enabling use fairly large aileron stick corrections still result smooth airplane response Recovery loop achieved letting go elevator stick input just airplane passes through horizontal may little difficult judge first confidence maneuver developed gets easier easier takes care Inside Loops Fortunately lot what takes perform Inside Loops prop erly also works Reverse Outside Loops toughest parts Reverse Outside Loops whether youre doing three entry exit way both parts well leam proper technique practice Timing Important doesnt come easy fliers half-roll inverted flight should ini tiated early airplane should inverted second prior elevator push loop takes lot distance perform half-roll inverted flight fliers think airplane set up perform three rolls about five six seconds half-roll will consume about second means maneuver must initiated about two seconds before airplane passes front flier Since Pattem airplanes travel about 100 mph con verts about 300 feet travel during half roll inverted flight Start maneuver early Most airplanes require touch Down elevator following half-roll keep airplane level flight timing technique come Some fliers start put down just before half roll completed others walt until airplane inverted alrplane different needs different technique find out what works yours Reverse Outside Loops performed just like Inside Loops except Down elevator used insted Up elevator Rudder corrections tricky because everything seems backwards Fliers use kinds mental tricks figure out way push rudder control best Ive heard imagine youre hanging straps inside airplane what comes nat urally Dont surprised have lot trouble learning proper rudder input direction occasion some really good fliers have problems figunng out what use Aileron corrections usually fairly simple because airplane responds way expect toughest part Reverse Outside Loop exit Timing critical because just right amount Down elevator must released airplane passes through horizontal take air plane out loop level flight Most fliers either wait too long dont relese enough Down elevator airplane baboons wish dime time airplane ballooned exiting Three Outside Loops However easy wouldnt get much satisfaction learning properly After airplane has horizontal about second roll up upright flight Depending airplane small amount Down ele vator may released start roll dur ing roll just alrplane wings level again Thats Inside Loops Reverse Outside Loops really need both well technique practice hots practice keep telling fliers dont practice theyll get old wont get good Get good April 1983 123 November 1982 issue Sentral II
Edition: Model Aviation - 1983/04
Page Numbers: 30, 31, 122, 123
a loec ni ue George M Myers SELDOM receive letter precisely accords intentions column replied Don letter forms basis column Naturally letter bit shorter no figures hope helped him have taken elementary course electricity will have built electric motor rudimentary form use piece iron stuck shaft manner propeller wind coil copper wire about iron bringing coil ends Out along shaft end op posite sides shaft diameter Fastening wires place insulating material use assembly make electrical contact coil call commutator Next mount shaft supports allow motor spin freely iron bar coil copper wire mounted shaft bearings motor iron bar alone core motor order bring power motor fasten pair wires battery let ends rest commutator wires call brushes DC electric motors have After have followed steps description thing happens However can use bit iron compass discover because electrical current flowing coil iron bar has become magnetized have created electromagnet basis electric motor electromagnet Further can discover rotate motor 1800 its shaft electromagnetism re verses because commutator has reversed electrical connections coil too basic DC electric motors order able getthe motor some work have give electromagnet some thing push against Conventionally take permanent magnet place parallel elec tromagnet order promote efficient use forces attach pole pieces per manent magnet conduct magnetic forces right up ends electromagnet Now give motor spin should keep tum ing have built classic two-pole permanent-magnet DC electric motor Two pole because electromagnet has North pole South pole Unfortunately motor has spun get started isnt much help us get around problem can split core Y shape wind three coils coil surrounding leg Y connected pair contacts com mutator commutator may seem bit complicated because supports three con tacts thus coils draw current same time important point coils will draw twice much others As result no matter motor stops put current coils resulting forces will unbalanced causing motor start itself spinning Using odd number poles has made motor selfstarting seek smoother-running motor can split core odd number parts 5 7 9 etc Lets examine core moment has iron some magnetically-susceptible mate rial Its functions conduct magnetic field permanent magnet concentrate magnetic force generated electric coil Because core made material magnetically susceptible capable being tracted magnet core will always try align itself permanent magnetic field tween pole pieces must real work move out its preferred position core five-pointed star motor will have 10 resting positions rotate motor power OFF will feel motor cogging through positions Remember thatits important answer seeking Jumping ahead bit should obvious could get rid core motor wouldnt have preferred resting positions would spin rather freely power OFF Im going assume have already looked pictures know Nam iki coreless motor Airtronics 94554 servo looks like basket examine con struction carefully see coreless motor built inside-out respect basic motor described above magnet located inside basket magnetic conductor would normally have core motor instead wrapped around exterior basket high efficiency gap between magnet conductor must kept very small same time motor basket made weaving very fine wires together encapsulating plastic must very pre cisely made Its hard precise working thin shells made relatively soft mate rials reason coreless motors cost cored motors should now clear conventional elec tric motor tends stop itself core tries line up force field permanent mag net power tumed OFF coreless motor coasts unimpeded can deduce two things want coreless motor stop youll have something make stop 2 coreless motor should produce useful work given quantity electri cal energy compared cored rmtor because doesnt have fight core constantly trying stop preferred position purposes visualization could imag ine make coreless motor sliding coils conventional motor out along core until form shell remove core Thus understand magnetic forces 30 Model Aviation Dear George Having just read article January 1983 issue decided write article made reference almost frictionless characteristics coreless motors Since have just ordered new Airtronics Cham pionship Series radio coreless-motor ser vos am quite interested Just looking specs coreless-motor servos can see powerful fast physical size ads talk about no has explained coreless motors work constructed compared conventional 3- S-pole motor Would possibly some other readers may have same question s Don Austin AMA 19871 coreiess motor trom Ririronics servo reduced its essentials Note magnet assembly nearly tills motor case leftthe plastic button its center brush carrier its bonded magnet supports motor armature basket R within gap between magnet motor case basket obviously wound mandrel encased expoxy tape maintain its shape 5-pole motor right see basic 2-pole DC permanentmagnet electric motor high school stu dents have built science classes sketch above depicts magnetic field such DC motor center sketch above shows armature 3-pole motor would look sketch far right shows 3-pole arma ture would connected Its chief virtue motor becomes self-starting shell construction can identical cored construction whether have 2 3 5or however manypoles motor really makes no difference motor wears its permanent magnet inside basket because magnetic picture same still see lines force concentrated crossing motor shaft along diameter returning cir cumferentially outside motor order extract power motor need connect shaft order connect electricity coils still need commutator Both functions served plastic disk joins basket shaft Since plastic affected magnetism Through courtesy Mr Lee Renaud president Airtronics Inc given two outwardly-identical servos dissect pur poses article So far able tell identical respects save difference between motors results tests table see obvious way detect presence cureless motor servo ist output wheel moves very little resistance have cur eless motor spoke almost fric tionless performance CM servo referring characteristic course now know has nothing mechanical friction traces fact magneticallysusceptible materials have deleted rotating assembly electric motor Some folks may disturbed fact have reported different torques can seen advertising Dont small change voltage supplied motor can produce big change torque have chosen report what see average situation Partially-discharged nickel-cadmium batteries will show 12 VDC hence pack voltage will 48 Thats what presented servo way its plug pigtail time test higher voltage up 56 VDC possible will yield higher torques essential message comes out test data Power OFF can move output wheel coreless-motor servo much easily conventional-motor servo Thats suggested coreless motor servo use spring-loaded Dead Mans Throttle Heli copters Next electrical efficiency Continued page 122 April 1983 31 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE i/ ARMATURE ARMATURE BRUSHBRUSH BATTERY Ill BEARING No Dad dont think youll getting Tower 500 set back again says Tim Myers conclusion testing new system recently-approved AMA RC Channel 40 comments column Heres conventional 5-pole motor Out another Airtronics servo Un left end cap carrying bearing brushes center see motor core made stack ferrous metal plates greater magnetic efficiency motor windings surround 2 poles time motor Within motor case R can seen semicircular pole-magnets North South second shaft bearing bottom case drive gear pried off motor shaft permit disassembly fly water important protect radio Cub small does lend itself waterproof com partment Therefore recommend read follow directions water proofing radio Radio Tech nique column George Myers Feb mary 1982 issue Model Aviation ideal prop Cox TD 09 old Cox 7 X 3/ no longer make 7 x 4 little too much prop TD 09 50 should cut down about 6 rebalancedor use 7 x 3 model Cub flies pretty fast Cub control response very good Ai leron response slow-flying highwinged airplane usually sluggish fly ing Cub little faster keeps response normal Remember dont try rush Cub off water will take off ready Enjoy Cub always some thing special about Piper Cub no matter large small Radio Technique/Myers Continued page 31 coreless-motor servo higher inch-ounces per Watt equal transit times duration flying want coreless-motor ser vos Although cant prove test data fact basket CM much lighter armature conventional motor leads suspect CM will resist shock vibration damage better potential advantage reality rests design manufacturing techniques First look Tower 500 youre like arent inclined take new crop lowpriced radios very seriously case point new Tower Gold System 500 offers plug-in crystal right front panel dual rates aileron elevator servo-reversing ai leron elevator rudder throttle electric trims trainer button output meter Ni-Cds charger receiver four servos less $150 paid just receiver 1971 Pro-Line As matter fact wouldnt looking hadnt sent Tower Hobbies along what essentially challenge Try before make up mind came crystals both ends 72MHz band right middle channels 12 40 56 exact According Towers Bill Bax ter sets come crystals Tower plugs whatever request stock 001% crystals check 100-ft ground range transmitter antenna collapsed receiver antenna dangling out box inside warehouse Never take advertising too seriously tried same thing Theyre right Testing transmitters nearest RC channels set ting exposed transmitter antennae same lengths found Tower trans mitter far away possible moved adjacent-channel transmitter until servos just began jitter distance ratio 201 equates very good performance dont claim narrowband performance say its narrow enough today son Tim screwed Tower Gold 500 well-used Quickee 500 went out some flight tests didnt try everything book Tim did take plane up high hard see maybe 2000 feet col lapsed antenna retained full control antenna down 3 exposed Since testing servos column tested Tower TSS-50 servo found better average Output torque 40 in-oz 900 reversed-cycling transit time 5 sec onds Airtronics servo number9455194554 Torque turn Output Wheel no volts26 06inch-ounces Idle current no control pulse77milliamps 900 Reversed Cycling transit time0505seconds Free-running current12040milliamps Stall current600800milliamps Volts stall4848VOC Stall Torque3560inch-ounces Motor typeConventionalCoreBess 122 Model Aviation can make want looks NEW RADIO NEW RC CHANNELS great easily removed prob WRIGHT FLYER JILl lem 1/2 SPORT SCALE40 ENGINE LI Wa e ed ogged drive coupled wing-warp/rudder GEORGE MARSOEN $19500 Plus Shippine 7621 Mary Cassalt Drive Potomac Md 20854 BUILD WITH THE FINEST IN RC COVERING MATERIALS CECONITE RC FABRIC Heat shrinkable up 10% Will over lighten Attached dope Apply direction Fill weave dope 66 inch width Clear Very strong 18 oz/sq yd 1 yd length 1183 sq ydl $695 3 yd length l59 sq yd $1995 5 yd length 916 sq yd $3195 FILLER COAT Water base paint replaces coats ol clear dope Apply 1-2 coats loam rubber brush Dries 30 minutes 1 01 covers 75 sq S Fuel proot gas glow Use over Ceco nile other tabrics Protects tabric trom sun Apply type ol color paint over Filler Coat Pint $895 Quart 95 SUPER SEAM Lacquer base glue Used standard model building cement Also extra strength applying Ceconite other labrics Clear color Sands easily dries quickly Quart $995 ORDER DIRECT OR AT HOBBY SHOP MASTER CARD VISA accepted USA add $300 postage tax Nevada orders Add $200 COD Send $1 00 information Jerry Nelson Sc Company Post Office Box 12863 Reno Nevada 89510 702-322-0664 transmitters pulse-timing 15 ins s less industry standard should able plug servo youve got set assuming have right plug first-look standpoint system looks like exceptionally good value money great way sample new RC channels five years hard work members AMA Frequency Committee have provided Kudos Tower Hobbies having guts ready Day George M Myers 70 Froehlich Farm Rd Hicksvjlle NY 11801 Hinges/Peltz Continued page 36 sand away just enough surface between piece tubing allow piece covering material slide through easily See Fig 8 covering plane control sur faces run covering material around piece tubing completely enclose will hide its aluminum color will also serve strengthen hinge con siderably See Fig 9 make optional gap seals suggested high-movement surfaces large bevel angles follow steps Cut piece drafting Mylar use acetate will buckle changing hu midity temperature exact length control surface twice de sired width strip width deter mined moving control surface its maximum throw adding one-half width double sticky tape plus another /8-in See Fig 10 Mark center Mylar strip lay down double-sided tape along center full length strip came roll Mylar should have natural curve adhere tape convex side will press against control surface See Fig 11 Cut strip half along full length tape now exact edge what will front gap seal Starting end carefully lay down Mylar strip attached fixed surface control surface will act gap seal now have perfect control sur face hinges could hope Workshop/Kruse Continued oaae 40 us keep overall impression shop its neat well-organized appearance would make vety comfortable re laxed place spend time Through very small outlay money combined genuity planning Harold Rouse has made hobby integral part life style workshop showplace home RC Aerobatics/Van Putte Continued page 43 making aileron corrections use Low-rate ai leron inside loops enabling use fairly large aileron stick corrections still result smooth airplane response Recovery loop achieved letting go elevator stick input just airplane passes through horizontal may little difficult judge first confidence maneuver developed gets easier easier takes care Inside Loops Fortunately lot what takes perform Inside Loops prop erly also works Reverse Outside Loops toughest parts Reverse Outside Loops whether youre doing three entry exit way both parts well leam proper technique practice Timing Important doesnt come easy fliers half-roll inverted flight should ini tiated early airplane should inverted second prior elevator push loop takes lot distance perform half-roll inverted flight fliers think airplane set up perform three rolls about five six seconds half-roll will consume about second means maneuver must initiated about two seconds before airplane passes front flier Since Pattem airplanes travel about 100 mph con verts about 300 feet travel during half roll inverted flight Start maneuver early Most airplanes require touch Down elevator following half-roll keep airplane level flight timing technique come Some fliers start put down just before half roll completed others walt until airplane inverted alrplane different needs different technique find out what works yours Reverse Outside Loops performed just like Inside Loops except Down elevator used insted Up elevator Rudder corrections tricky because everything seems backwards Fliers use kinds mental tricks figure out way push rudder control best Ive heard imagine youre hanging straps inside airplane what comes nat urally Dont surprised have lot trouble learning proper rudder input direction occasion some really good fliers have problems figunng out what use Aileron corrections usually fairly simple because airplane responds way expect toughest part Reverse Outside Loop exit Timing critical because just right amount Down elevator must released airplane passes through horizontal take air plane out loop level flight Most fliers either wait too long dont relese enough Down elevator airplane baboons wish dime time airplane ballooned exiting Three Outside Loops However easy wouldnt get much satisfaction learning properly After airplane has horizontal about second roll up upright flight Depending airplane small amount Down ele vator may released start roll dur ing roll just alrplane wings level again Thats Inside Loops Reverse Outside Loops really need both well technique practice hots practice keep telling fliers dont practice theyll get old wont get good Get good April 1983 123 November 1982 issue Sentral II
Edition: Model Aviation - 1983/04
Page Numbers: 30, 31, 122, 123
a loec ni ue George M Myers SELDOM receive letter precisely accords intentions column replied Don letter forms basis column Naturally letter bit shorter no figures hope helped him have taken elementary course electricity will have built electric motor rudimentary form use piece iron stuck shaft manner propeller wind coil copper wire about iron bringing coil ends Out along shaft end op posite sides shaft diameter Fastening wires place insulating material use assembly make electrical contact coil call commutator Next mount shaft supports allow motor spin freely iron bar coil copper wire mounted shaft bearings motor iron bar alone core motor order bring power motor fasten pair wires battery let ends rest commutator wires call brushes DC electric motors have After have followed steps description thing happens However can use bit iron compass discover because electrical current flowing coil iron bar has become magnetized have created electromagnet basis electric motor electromagnet Further can discover rotate motor 1800 its shaft electromagnetism re verses because commutator has reversed electrical connections coil too basic DC electric motors order able getthe motor some work have give electromagnet some thing push against Conventionally take permanent magnet place parallel elec tromagnet order promote efficient use forces attach pole pieces per manent magnet conduct magnetic forces right up ends electromagnet Now give motor spin should keep tum ing have built classic two-pole permanent-magnet DC electric motor Two pole because electromagnet has North pole South pole Unfortunately motor has spun get started isnt much help us get around problem can split core Y shape wind three coils coil surrounding leg Y connected pair contacts com mutator commutator may seem bit complicated because supports three con tacts thus coils draw current same time important point coils will draw twice much others As result no matter motor stops put current coils resulting forces will unbalanced causing motor start itself spinning Using odd number poles has made motor selfstarting seek smoother-running motor can split core odd number parts 5 7 9 etc Lets examine core moment has iron some magnetically-susceptible mate rial Its functions conduct magnetic field permanent magnet concentrate magnetic force generated electric coil Because core made material magnetically susceptible capable being tracted magnet core will always try align itself permanent magnetic field tween pole pieces must real work move out its preferred position core five-pointed star motor will have 10 resting positions rotate motor power OFF will feel motor cogging through positions Remember thatits important answer seeking Jumping ahead bit should obvious could get rid core motor wouldnt have preferred resting positions would spin rather freely power OFF Im going assume have already looked pictures know Nam iki coreless motor Airtronics 94554 servo looks like basket examine con struction carefully see coreless motor built inside-out respect basic motor described above magnet located inside basket magnetic conductor would normally have core motor instead wrapped around exterior basket high efficiency gap between magnet conductor must kept very small same time motor basket made weaving very fine wires together encapsulating plastic must very pre cisely made Its hard precise working thin shells made relatively soft mate rials reason coreless motors cost cored motors should now clear conventional elec tric motor tends stop itself core tries line up force field permanent mag net power tumed OFF coreless motor coasts unimpeded can deduce two things want coreless motor stop youll have something make stop 2 coreless motor should produce useful work given quantity electri cal energy compared cored rmtor because doesnt have fight core constantly trying stop preferred position purposes visualization could imag ine make coreless motor sliding coils conventional motor out along core until form shell remove core Thus understand magnetic forces 30 Model Aviation Dear George Having just read article January 1983 issue decided write article made reference almost frictionless characteristics coreless motors Since have just ordered new Airtronics Cham pionship Series radio coreless-motor ser vos am quite interested Just looking specs coreless-motor servos can see powerful fast physical size ads talk about no has explained coreless motors work constructed compared conventional 3- S-pole motor Would possibly some other readers may have same question s Don Austin AMA 19871 coreiess motor trom Ririronics servo reduced its essentials Note magnet assembly nearly tills motor case leftthe plastic button its center brush carrier its bonded magnet supports motor armature basket R within gap between magnet motor case basket obviously wound mandrel encased expoxy tape maintain its shape 5-pole motor right see basic 2-pole DC permanentmagnet electric motor high school stu dents have built science classes sketch above depicts magnetic field such DC motor center sketch above shows armature 3-pole motor would look sketch far right shows 3-pole arma ture would connected Its chief virtue motor becomes self-starting shell construction can identical cored construction whether have 2 3 5or however manypoles motor really makes no difference motor wears its permanent magnet inside basket because magnetic picture same still see lines force concentrated crossing motor shaft along diameter returning cir cumferentially outside motor order extract power motor need connect shaft order connect electricity coils still need commutator Both functions served plastic disk joins basket shaft Since plastic affected magnetism Through courtesy Mr Lee Renaud president Airtronics Inc given two outwardly-identical servos dissect pur poses article So far able tell identical respects save difference between motors results tests table see obvious way detect presence cureless motor servo ist output wheel moves very little resistance have cur eless motor spoke almost fric tionless performance CM servo referring characteristic course now know has nothing mechanical friction traces fact magneticallysusceptible materials have deleted rotating assembly electric motor Some folks may disturbed fact have reported different torques can seen advertising Dont small change voltage supplied motor can produce big change torque have chosen report what see average situation Partially-discharged nickel-cadmium batteries will show 12 VDC hence pack voltage will 48 Thats what presented servo way its plug pigtail time test higher voltage up 56 VDC possible will yield higher torques essential message comes out test data Power OFF can move output wheel coreless-motor servo much easily conventional-motor servo Thats suggested coreless motor servo use spring-loaded Dead Mans Throttle Heli copters Next electrical efficiency Continued page 122 April 1983 31 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE i/ ARMATURE ARMATURE BRUSHBRUSH BATTERY Ill BEARING No Dad dont think youll getting Tower 500 set back again says Tim Myers conclusion testing new system recently-approved AMA RC Channel 40 comments column Heres conventional 5-pole motor Out another Airtronics servo Un left end cap carrying bearing brushes center see motor core made stack ferrous metal plates greater magnetic efficiency motor windings surround 2 poles time motor Within motor case R can seen semicircular pole-magnets North South second shaft bearing bottom case drive gear pried off motor shaft permit disassembly fly water important protect radio Cub small does lend itself waterproof com partment Therefore recommend read follow directions water proofing radio Radio Tech nique column George Myers Feb mary 1982 issue Model Aviation ideal prop Cox TD 09 old Cox 7 X 3/ no longer make 7 x 4 little too much prop TD 09 50 should cut down about 6 rebalancedor use 7 x 3 model Cub flies pretty fast Cub control response very good Ai leron response slow-flying highwinged airplane usually sluggish fly ing Cub little faster keeps response normal Remember dont try rush Cub off water will take off ready Enjoy Cub always some thing special about Piper Cub no matter large small Radio Technique/Myers Continued page 31 coreless-motor servo higher inch-ounces per Watt equal transit times duration flying want coreless-motor ser vos Although cant prove test data fact basket CM much lighter armature conventional motor leads suspect CM will resist shock vibration damage better potential advantage reality rests design manufacturing techniques First look Tower 500 youre like arent inclined take new crop lowpriced radios very seriously case point new Tower Gold System 500 offers plug-in crystal right front panel dual rates aileron elevator servo-reversing ai leron elevator rudder throttle electric trims trainer button output meter Ni-Cds charger receiver four servos less $150 paid just receiver 1971 Pro-Line As matter fact wouldnt looking hadnt sent Tower Hobbies along what essentially challenge Try before make up mind came crystals both ends 72MHz band right middle channels 12 40 56 exact According Towers Bill Bax ter sets come crystals Tower plugs whatever request stock 001% crystals check 100-ft ground range transmitter antenna collapsed receiver antenna dangling out box inside warehouse Never take advertising too seriously tried same thing Theyre right Testing transmitters nearest RC channels set ting exposed transmitter antennae same lengths found Tower trans mitter far away possible moved adjacent-channel transmitter until servos just began jitter distance ratio 201 equates very good performance dont claim narrowband performance say its narrow enough today son Tim screwed Tower Gold 500 well-used Quickee 500 went out some flight tests didnt try everything book Tim did take plane up high hard see maybe 2000 feet col lapsed antenna retained full control antenna down 3 exposed Since testing servos column tested Tower TSS-50 servo found better average Output torque 40 in-oz 900 reversed-cycling transit time 5 sec onds Airtronics servo number9455194554 Torque turn Output Wheel no volts26 06inch-ounces Idle current no control pulse77milliamps 900 Reversed Cycling transit time0505seconds Free-running current12040milliamps Stall current600800milliamps Volts stall4848VOC Stall Torque3560inch-ounces Motor typeConventionalCoreBess 122 Model Aviation can make want looks NEW RADIO NEW RC CHANNELS great easily removed prob WRIGHT FLYER JILl lem 1/2 SPORT SCALE40 ENGINE LI Wa e ed ogged drive coupled wing-warp/rudder GEORGE MARSOEN $19500 Plus Shippine 7621 Mary Cassalt Drive Potomac Md 20854 BUILD WITH THE FINEST IN RC COVERING MATERIALS CECONITE RC FABRIC Heat shrinkable up 10% Will over lighten Attached dope Apply direction Fill weave dope 66 inch width Clear Very strong 18 oz/sq yd 1 yd length 1183 sq ydl $695 3 yd length l59 sq yd $1995 5 yd length 916 sq yd $3195 FILLER COAT Water base paint replaces coats ol clear dope Apply 1-2 coats loam rubber brush Dries 30 minutes 1 01 covers 75 sq S Fuel proot gas glow Use over Ceco nile other tabrics Protects tabric trom sun Apply type ol color paint over Filler Coat Pint $895 Quart 95 SUPER SEAM Lacquer base glue Used standard model building cement Also extra strength applying Ceconite other labrics Clear color Sands easily dries quickly Quart $995 ORDER DIRECT OR AT HOBBY SHOP MASTER CARD VISA accepted USA add $300 postage tax Nevada orders Add $200 COD Send $1 00 information Jerry Nelson Sc Company Post Office Box 12863 Reno Nevada 89510 702-322-0664 transmitters pulse-timing 15 ins s less industry standard should able plug servo youve got set assuming have right plug first-look standpoint system looks like exceptionally good value money great way sample new RC channels five years hard work members AMA Frequency Committee have provided Kudos Tower Hobbies having guts ready Day George M Myers 70 Froehlich Farm Rd Hicksvjlle NY 11801 Hinges/Peltz Continued page 36 sand away just enough surface between piece tubing allow piece covering material slide through easily See Fig 8 covering plane control sur faces run covering material around piece tubing completely enclose will hide its aluminum color will also serve strengthen hinge con siderably See Fig 9 make optional gap seals suggested high-movement surfaces large bevel angles follow steps Cut piece drafting Mylar use acetate will buckle changing hu midity temperature exact length control surface twice de sired width strip width deter mined moving control surface its maximum throw adding one-half width double sticky tape plus another /8-in See Fig 10 Mark center Mylar strip lay down double-sided tape along center full length strip came roll Mylar should have natural curve adhere tape convex side will press against control surface See Fig 11 Cut strip half along full length tape now exact edge what will front gap seal Starting end carefully lay down Mylar strip attached fixed surface control surface will act gap seal now have perfect control sur face hinges could hope Workshop/Kruse Continued oaae 40 us keep overall impression shop its neat well-organized appearance would make vety comfortable re laxed place spend time Through very small outlay money combined genuity planning Harold Rouse has made hobby integral part life style workshop showplace home RC Aerobatics/Van Putte Continued page 43 making aileron corrections use Low-rate ai leron inside loops enabling use fairly large aileron stick corrections still result smooth airplane response Recovery loop achieved letting go elevator stick input just airplane passes through horizontal may little difficult judge first confidence maneuver developed gets easier easier takes care Inside Loops Fortunately lot what takes perform Inside Loops prop erly also works Reverse Outside Loops toughest parts Reverse Outside Loops whether youre doing three entry exit way both parts well leam proper technique practice Timing Important doesnt come easy fliers half-roll inverted flight should ini tiated early airplane should inverted second prior elevator push loop takes lot distance perform half-roll inverted flight fliers think airplane set up perform three rolls about five six seconds half-roll will consume about second means maneuver must initiated about two seconds before airplane passes front flier Since Pattem airplanes travel about 100 mph con verts about 300 feet travel during half roll inverted flight Start maneuver early Most airplanes require touch Down elevator following half-roll keep airplane level flight timing technique come Some fliers start put down just before half roll completed others walt until airplane inverted alrplane different needs different technique find out what works yours Reverse Outside Loops performed just like Inside Loops except Down elevator used insted Up elevator Rudder corrections tricky because everything seems backwards Fliers use kinds mental tricks figure out way push rudder control best Ive heard imagine youre hanging straps inside airplane what comes nat urally Dont surprised have lot trouble learning proper rudder input direction occasion some really good fliers have problems figunng out what use Aileron corrections usually fairly simple because airplane responds way expect toughest part Reverse Outside Loop exit Timing critical because just right amount Down elevator must released airplane passes through horizontal take air plane out loop level flight Most fliers either wait too long dont relese enough Down elevator airplane baboons wish dime time airplane ballooned exiting Three Outside Loops However easy wouldnt get much satisfaction learning properly After airplane has horizontal about second roll up upright flight Depending airplane small amount Down ele vator may released start roll dur ing roll just alrplane wings level again Thats Inside Loops Reverse Outside Loops really need both well technique practice hots practice keep telling fliers dont practice theyll get old wont get good Get good April 1983 123 November 1982 issue Sentral II
Edition: Model Aviation - 1983/04
Page Numbers: 30, 31, 122, 123
a loec ni ue George M Myers SELDOM receive letter precisely accords intentions column replied Don letter forms basis column Naturally letter bit shorter no figures hope helped him have taken elementary course electricity will have built electric motor rudimentary form use piece iron stuck shaft manner propeller wind coil copper wire about iron bringing coil ends Out along shaft end op posite sides shaft diameter Fastening wires place insulating material use assembly make electrical contact coil call commutator Next mount shaft supports allow motor spin freely iron bar coil copper wire mounted shaft bearings motor iron bar alone core motor order bring power motor fasten pair wires battery let ends rest commutator wires call brushes DC electric motors have After have followed steps description thing happens However can use bit iron compass discover because electrical current flowing coil iron bar has become magnetized have created electromagnet basis electric motor electromagnet Further can discover rotate motor 1800 its shaft electromagnetism re verses because commutator has reversed electrical connections coil too basic DC electric motors order able getthe motor some work have give electromagnet some thing push against Conventionally take permanent magnet place parallel elec tromagnet order promote efficient use forces attach pole pieces per manent magnet conduct magnetic forces right up ends electromagnet Now give motor spin should keep tum ing have built classic two-pole permanent-magnet DC electric motor Two pole because electromagnet has North pole South pole Unfortunately motor has spun get started isnt much help us get around problem can split core Y shape wind three coils coil surrounding leg Y connected pair contacts com mutator commutator may seem bit complicated because supports three con tacts thus coils draw current same time important point coils will draw twice much others As result no matter motor stops put current coils resulting forces will unbalanced causing motor start itself spinning Using odd number poles has made motor selfstarting seek smoother-running motor can split core odd number parts 5 7 9 etc Lets examine core moment has iron some magnetically-susceptible mate rial Its functions conduct magnetic field permanent magnet concentrate magnetic force generated electric coil Because core made material magnetically susceptible capable being tracted magnet core will always try align itself permanent magnetic field tween pole pieces must real work move out its preferred position core five-pointed star motor will have 10 resting positions rotate motor power OFF will feel motor cogging through positions Remember thatits important answer seeking Jumping ahead bit should obvious could get rid core motor wouldnt have preferred resting positions would spin rather freely power OFF Im going assume have already looked pictures know Nam iki coreless motor Airtronics 94554 servo looks like basket examine con struction carefully see coreless motor built inside-out respect basic motor described above magnet located inside basket magnetic conductor would normally have core motor instead wrapped around exterior basket high efficiency gap between magnet conductor must kept very small same time motor basket made weaving very fine wires together encapsulating plastic must very pre cisely made Its hard precise working thin shells made relatively soft mate rials reason coreless motors cost cored motors should now clear conventional elec tric motor tends stop itself core tries line up force field permanent mag net power tumed OFF coreless motor coasts unimpeded can deduce two things want coreless motor stop youll have something make stop 2 coreless motor should produce useful work given quantity electri cal energy compared cored rmtor because doesnt have fight core constantly trying stop preferred position purposes visualization could imag ine make coreless motor sliding coils conventional motor out along core until form shell remove core Thus understand magnetic forces 30 Model Aviation Dear George Having just read article January 1983 issue decided write article made reference almost frictionless characteristics coreless motors Since have just ordered new Airtronics Cham pionship Series radio coreless-motor ser vos am quite interested Just looking specs coreless-motor servos can see powerful fast physical size ads talk about no has explained coreless motors work constructed compared conventional 3- S-pole motor Would possibly some other readers may have same question s Don Austin AMA 19871 coreiess motor trom Ririronics servo reduced its essentials Note magnet assembly nearly tills motor case leftthe plastic button its center brush carrier its bonded magnet supports motor armature basket R within gap between magnet motor case basket obviously wound mandrel encased expoxy tape maintain its shape 5-pole motor right see basic 2-pole DC permanentmagnet electric motor high school stu dents have built science classes sketch above depicts magnetic field such DC motor center sketch above shows armature 3-pole motor would look sketch far right shows 3-pole arma ture would connected Its chief virtue motor becomes self-starting shell construction can identical cored construction whether have 2 3 5or however manypoles motor really makes no difference motor wears its permanent magnet inside basket because magnetic picture same still see lines force concentrated crossing motor shaft along diameter returning cir cumferentially outside motor order extract power motor need connect shaft order connect electricity coils still need commutator Both functions served plastic disk joins basket shaft Since plastic affected magnetism Through courtesy Mr Lee Renaud president Airtronics Inc given two outwardly-identical servos dissect pur poses article So far able tell identical respects save difference between motors results tests table see obvious way detect presence cureless motor servo ist output wheel moves very little resistance have cur eless motor spoke almost fric tionless performance CM servo referring characteristic course now know has nothing mechanical friction traces fact magneticallysusceptible materials have deleted rotating assembly electric motor Some folks may disturbed fact have reported different torques can seen advertising Dont small change voltage supplied motor can produce big change torque have chosen report what see average situation Partially-discharged nickel-cadmium batteries will show 12 VDC hence pack voltage will 48 Thats what presented servo way its plug pigtail time test higher voltage up 56 VDC possible will yield higher torques essential message comes out test data Power OFF can move output wheel coreless-motor servo much easily conventional-motor servo Thats suggested coreless motor servo use spring-loaded Dead Mans Throttle Heli copters Next electrical efficiency Continued page 122 April 1983 31 MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE i/ ARMATURE ARMATURE BRUSHBRUSH BATTERY Ill BEARING No Dad dont think youll getting Tower 500 set back again says Tim Myers conclusion testing new system recently-approved AMA RC Channel 40 comments column Heres conventional 5-pole motor Out another Airtronics servo Un left end cap carrying bearing brushes center see motor core made stack ferrous metal plates greater magnetic efficiency motor windings surround 2 poles time motor Within motor case R can seen semicircular pole-magnets North South second shaft bearing bottom case drive gear pried off motor shaft permit disassembly fly water important protect radio Cub small does lend itself waterproof com partment Therefore recommend read follow directions water proofing radio Radio Tech nique column George Myers Feb mary 1982 issue Model Aviation ideal prop Cox TD 09 old Cox 7 X 3/ no longer make 7 x 4 little too much prop TD 09 50 should cut down about 6 rebalancedor use 7 x 3 model Cub flies pretty fast Cub control response very good Ai leron response slow-flying highwinged airplane usually sluggish fly ing Cub little faster keeps response normal Remember dont try rush Cub off water will take off ready Enjoy Cub always some thing special about Piper Cub no matter large small Radio Technique/Myers Continued page 31 coreless-motor servo higher inch-ounces per Watt equal transit times duration flying want coreless-motor ser vos Although cant prove test data fact basket CM much lighter armature conventional motor leads suspect CM will resist shock vibration damage better potential advantage reality rests design manufacturing techniques First look Tower 500 youre like arent inclined take new crop lowpriced radios very seriously case point new Tower Gold System 500 offers plug-in crystal right front panel dual rates aileron elevator servo-reversing ai leron elevator rudder throttle electric trims trainer button output meter Ni-Cds charger receiver four servos less $150 paid just receiver 1971 Pro-Line As matter fact wouldnt looking hadnt sent Tower Hobbies along what essentially challenge Try before make up mind came crystals both ends 72MHz band right middle channels 12 40 56 exact According Towers Bill Bax ter sets come crystals Tower plugs whatever request stock 001% crystals check 100-ft ground range transmitter antenna collapsed receiver antenna dangling out box inside warehouse Never take advertising too seriously tried same thing Theyre right Testing transmitters nearest RC channels set ting exposed transmitter antennae same lengths found Tower trans mitter far away possible moved adjacent-channel transmitter until servos just began jitter distance ratio 201 equates very good performance dont claim narrowband performance say its narrow enough today son Tim screwed Tower Gold 500 well-used Quickee 500 went out some flight tests didnt try everything book Tim did take plane up high hard see maybe 2000 feet col lapsed antenna retained full control antenna down 3 exposed Since testing servos column tested Tower TSS-50 servo found better average Output torque 40 in-oz 900 reversed-cycling transit time 5 sec onds Airtronics servo number9455194554 Torque turn Output Wheel no volts26 06inch-ounces Idle current no control pulse77milliamps 900 Reversed Cycling transit time0505seconds Free-running current12040milliamps Stall current600800milliamps Volts stall4848VOC Stall Torque3560inch-ounces Motor typeConventionalCoreBess 122 Model Aviation can make want looks NEW RADIO NEW RC CHANNELS great easily removed prob WRIGHT FLYER JILl lem 1/2 SPORT SCALE40 ENGINE LI Wa e ed ogged drive coupled wing-warp/rudder GEORGE MARSOEN $19500 Plus Shippine 7621 Mary Cassalt Drive Potomac Md 20854 BUILD WITH THE FINEST IN RC COVERING MATERIALS CECONITE RC FABRIC Heat shrinkable up 10% Will over lighten Attached dope Apply direction Fill weave dope 66 inch width Clear Very strong 18 oz/sq yd 1 yd length 1183 sq ydl $695 3 yd length l59 sq yd $1995 5 yd length 916 sq yd $3195 FILLER COAT Water base paint replaces coats ol clear dope Apply 1-2 coats loam rubber brush Dries 30 minutes 1 01 covers 75 sq S Fuel proot gas glow Use over Ceco nile other tabrics Protects tabric trom sun Apply type ol color paint over Filler Coat Pint $895 Quart 95 SUPER SEAM Lacquer base glue Used standard model building cement Also extra strength applying Ceconite other labrics Clear color Sands easily dries quickly Quart $995 ORDER DIRECT OR AT HOBBY SHOP MASTER CARD VISA accepted USA add $300 postage tax Nevada orders Add $200 COD Send $1 00 information Jerry Nelson Sc Company Post Office Box 12863 Reno Nevada 89510 702-322-0664 transmitters pulse-timing 15 ins s less industry standard should able plug servo youve got set assuming have right plug first-look standpoint system looks like exceptionally good value money great way sample new RC channels five years hard work members AMA Frequency Committee have provided Kudos Tower Hobbies having guts ready Day George M Myers 70 Froehlich Farm Rd Hicksvjlle NY 11801 Hinges/Peltz Continued page 36 sand away just enough surface between piece tubing allow piece covering material slide through easily See Fig 8 covering plane control sur faces run covering material around piece tubing completely enclose will hide its aluminum color will also serve strengthen hinge con siderably See Fig 9 make optional gap seals suggested high-movement surfaces large bevel angles follow steps Cut piece drafting Mylar use acetate will buckle changing hu midity temperature exact length control surface twice de sired width strip width deter mined moving control surface its maximum throw adding one-half width double sticky tape plus another /8-in See Fig 10 Mark center Mylar strip lay down double-sided tape along center full length strip came roll Mylar should have natural curve adhere tape convex side will press against control surface See Fig 11 Cut strip half along full length tape now exact edge what will front gap seal Starting end carefully lay down Mylar strip attached fixed surface control surface will act gap seal now have perfect control sur face hinges could hope Workshop/Kruse Continued oaae 40 us keep overall impression shop its neat well-organized appearance would make vety comfortable re laxed place spend time Through very small outlay money combined genuity planning Harold Rouse has made hobby integral part life style workshop showplace home RC Aerobatics/Van Putte Continued page 43 making aileron corrections use Low-rate ai leron inside loops enabling use fairly large aileron stick corrections still result smooth airplane response Recovery loop achieved letting go elevator stick input just airplane passes through horizontal may little difficult judge first confidence maneuver developed gets easier easier takes care Inside Loops Fortunately lot what takes perform Inside Loops prop erly also works Reverse Outside Loops toughest parts Reverse Outside Loops whether youre doing three entry exit way both parts well leam proper technique practice Timing Important doesnt come easy fliers half-roll inverted flight should ini tiated early airplane should inverted second prior elevator push loop takes lot distance perform half-roll inverted flight fliers think airplane set up perform three rolls about five six seconds half-roll will consume about second means maneuver must initiated about two seconds before airplane passes front flier Since Pattem airplanes travel about 100 mph con verts about 300 feet travel during half roll inverted flight Start maneuver early Most airplanes require touch Down elevator following half-roll keep airplane level flight timing technique come Some fliers start put down just before half roll completed others walt until airplane inverted alrplane different needs different technique find out what works yours Reverse Outside Loops performed just like Inside Loops except Down elevator used insted Up elevator Rudder corrections tricky because everything seems backwards Fliers use kinds mental tricks figure out way push rudder control best Ive heard imagine youre hanging straps inside airplane what comes nat urally Dont surprised have lot trouble learning proper rudder input direction occasion some really good fliers have problems figunng out what use Aileron corrections usually fairly simple because airplane responds way expect toughest part Reverse Outside Loop exit Timing critical because just right amount Down elevator must released airplane passes through horizontal take air plane out loop level flight Most fliers either wait too long dont relese enough Down elevator airplane baboons wish dime time airplane ballooned exiting Three Outside Loops However easy wouldnt get much satisfaction learning properly After airplane has horizontal about second roll up upright flight Depending airplane small amount Down ele vator may released start roll dur ing roll just alrplane wings level again Thats Inside Loops Reverse Outside Loops really need both well technique practice hots practice keep telling fliers dont practice theyll get old wont get good Get good April 1983 123 November 1982 issue Sentral II