Wayne Hershberger RC PILOTS WHO TALK ABOUT downwind stalls sometimes chided harboring naive superstitions about wind Aerodynamicist Ralph Gross has listed seven such superstitions fallacies paper titled Airplanes Wind Don Lowe passed along information Flying Lowe column Radio Control Modeler May 1994 Gross list excerpted Lowe reads follows 1 As turn upwind will gain altitude and/or airspeed 2 As turn downwind will lose altitude and/or airspeed 3 As turning upwind crosswind wind can get under wing cause airplane roll steeper bank 4 The airplane will tend yaw heading wind weathervane 5 The airplane can gain altitude faster headed wind cannot gain altitude fast heading downwind 6 To hold heading flying crosswind will have hold rudder 7 When flying downwind airplane likely stall flying upwind airplane less likely stall According Gross seven statements true However speaking about direct aerodynamic effects wind discounting indirect aerodynamic effects windmediated pilot considers indirect pilot-mediated aerodynamic effects wind appears likely statements true Actually truth falsity seven statements depends pilot ideal pilot does mediate undesirable indirect aerodynamic effects wind statements false just Gross claims However RC pilots tend mediate such effects sometimes disastrous consequences statements too true Certain illusory visual effects wind tempt RC pilots make inappropriate alterations airplanes flight characteristics eg holding bit up down elevator warranted Learning recognize resist temptations visual illusions takes practice following explanation should provide rudimentary understanding visual illusions adverse aerodynamic effects Aerodynamicists explain wind movement mass air relative surface earth whereas aerodynamics concerns movement air relative airfoils Therefore unless airfoil attached earth eg wind tunnel wind should irrelevant airborne airfoil doesnt see wind wind has w no direct aerodynamic effect upon performance flying airplanesbut does imply wind has no indirect aerodynamic effect upon airplanes flown ie piloted wind because pilots may very well see affected wind whatever affects airplanes pilot virtually certain affect airplanes aerodynamic perfonnance Indeed pilot controls airplanes flight path altering airplanes aerodynamic characteristics pilot changes aerodynamic performance aircraft offset illusory visual effects wind inadvertently mediating indirect aerodynamic effect wind indirect pilot-mediated effects wind mistaken direct aerodynamic effects wind aerodynamic effects wind nonetheless pilot-mediated downwind stall still stall occasioned wind Ironically pilots seem learn Grosss seven fallacies precisely experiences statements describe instance RC pilots hold bit up elevator fly downwind because think losing altitude going lose airspeed Statement 2 and likely stall Statement 7 Conversely RC pilots holding bit down elevator fly upwind because think gaining altitude going pick up airspeed Statement 2 less likely stall Statement 7 sure downwind stall pilotmediated direct effect wind autopilot would stall direction another nevertheless physical phenomenon occasioned wind downwind stalls result pilots false impressions losing altitude RC pilots think losing altitude going downwind gaining altitude going upwind does wind give RC pilots false impressions Surely wind some aeronautical fallacy aeronautical fallacy source false impressions false impressions source fallacy An RC airplane flying constant altitude above pilots eye level continually climbing falling pilots field view unless airplane circling pilot constant radius angular elevation increasing viewing distance decreases maximum angular elevation being directly overhead decreasing viewing distance increases minimum angular elevation being horizon airplanes angular elevation also varies directly function airplanes altitude its perpendicular distance surface earth Any alteration visual angle elevation attributable change viewing distance attributable change altitude vice versa brains seem incorporate trigonometric truth perceptual premise known research psychologists size-distance invariance hypothesis December 1996 35 TURKS THE INTIMIDATOR Q500 FULL KITS $39 99 Full 10 wide balsa wing skins Full lite ply sides better power transfer /is ply edge wing/stab/rudder Quality aluminum landing gear BUILD AS V-TALL OR CONVENTIONAL THIRD PLACE 94 & 95 NATS CONGRATULATIONS RALPH RINALDI CALL FOR PRICES ON QUALITY BALSA PRE BUILT $9999 Wings sbeeted witb epoxy As ply installed wing/stab/rudder Jigged built fuse carbon fiber installed wing UIJJ1J~jit1 97 Cherokee Dr Springfield MA 01109 accept personal cbeck money order COD $475 COD $700 S&H per kit 48 states 413-796-1925 Kwik Switch & Charging Jack Mount Cha rging jack door snaps shut keep dirt fuel out Mount battery switch charging jack convenient location DU BROs hanuy Kwik-Switch & Charging Jack Mount new 1996 4-color 48 page catalog see local dealer contact us 1-800-848-9411 Fax 1-847-526-1604 E-Mail du-bro@ixnetcomcom single set screw locks charging plug place Universal fit radio system DU-BRO Name Can Count 480 Boone Rd PO Box 815 Woacoada IL 60084 neural algorithms mediate sensory impressions objects altitude size distance regard viewing distance Provided actually registered pilots brain change models angular elevation serves mediate perceived change altitude distance regard both erroneous perceptual estimate implying erroneous estimate other Any RC pilot has seen tree bush fence leap outlup grab model airplane knows imperfectly perceive distance/altitude models readily confuse distance/altitude relationship another 100/25 looks like 200/50 example worse wind blowing because rate distance regard changes over time varies airplanes heading relative wind pilot simplicity lets consider four cases model going either directly against wind flies either directly toward away pilot Consider case RC airplane flying constant altitude above eye level directly wind directly toward pilot model will ascend very rapidly pilots field view giving appearance climbing accelerating once cautious pilot wanting slow down likely throttle back after airplane has flown overhead stiff wind pilots back airplane will rapidly descend field view tending give appearance diving though may holding gaining altitude cautious pilot wanting maintain altitude likely feed some up elevator Throttling back holding up elevator recipe stall Therefore flying wind RC pilot may unwittingly stall airplane mm U U U U U q GIANT SCALE 1/5 SCALE CENTURION WHICH SIZE FITS YOUR MACHINE U U U U U U U U LAND CENIIJRYJETMODELS INC YOUR INVESTMENT WITH Find us online wwwcenturyjetcom sales @ centuryjetcom tech @ centuryjetcom CONFIDENCE GIANT SCALE 1 dia cylinder 7/~ bore struts 32 in3 air tank 2 lb system craft up 50 lbs 1/5 SCALE 3/4~ dia cylinder 5/~ bore /2 3/4~ struts 22 in3 air tank 1t/2 lb system craft up 35 lbs CENTURION cylinder /2 bore truts 11 in3 air tank 14 oz system craft up 15 lbs I Century Jet Models IncAll systems come mu-spec stainless steel alloy struts 11216 Bluegrass Pkwy Louisville KY 40299Send $3 forstainless steel uplinks & scissors aluminum stainless Lbottom leg air lines 2 quick disconnect valves shuttle valve q Ph 502 266-9234 Fax 502 266-9244Catalogschrader filer valve mountng brackets U U U U U U U U U U U U 36 Model Aviation ying compensate illusory visual effects wind illusions psychological stall physical An airplane flying toward pilot directly wind will ascend field view relatively slowly thus may seem climbing trading airspeed altitude Similarly stiff wind blowing directly pilots face airplane flying constant altitude directly away pilot will descend field view relatively slowly again giving false impression airplane climbing trading airspeed altitude either case cautious RC pilot wanting speed up perhaps avoid imagined stall making andlor simply wanting maintain same altitude may feed down elevator induce shallow dive illusory climb psychological compensatory shallow dive physical Thus RC pilots less likely stall flying wind RC pilots tend climb mush along nose-up attitude flying downwind dive slightly flying upwind airspeed will differ accordingly too will effectiveness airplanes control surfaces airspeed will increase going upwind decrease going downwind airplane will responsive going upwind downwind Thus As turning upwind crosswind . airplane [will roll] steeper bank Statement 3 turning downwind crosswind physical effect increased airspeed addition illusory impression steep bank implied relatively short radius turn its ground path upwind crosswind An airplane flying perfect circle constant altitude moving air mass traces asymmetric ground path ground paths radius curvature continuously varies airplanes heading relative .-wwum Lw1muuLwJmujmuosIIu lur fllflTUU liii 1IFREE II0-Catalogi EM31OA ElevonMixer $2995 add $450 S&H TX res add 775% tax DESIqNEd R/C ENThUSIASTS foR RIG ENThusMsTs easy installation IV microprocessor controllec [V mode has 4 different rates 100% electronic hi8h reliability also mixes flaps spoilers v-tails IV reversing option fit installation [V prevents servos leine overdriven [V popular AM FM radios [V automatic turn coordination mixin9 aileron rudder Manufacturing finest quality RIO electronics Complete ayatems other products available planes cara PRECISIONMICROELECTRONICS cal/or writs details Box 3129 Corpua chriati TX 78463-3129 ORDERS 5121 815-0336MF lOam7pmSSllam4prnCT rW INFORMATION & 24 HOUR FAX ORDERS 512 814-5843 December 1996 37 EDGE SANDER e EASY way reare balsa sheets wino skinsl 1 i [I wl/ Antiques Military Civilian Helicopters Sailplanes have worlds largest aircraft documentation colledion 6400 different full color photo studies 1905-1996 Q 35000 3-view line drawings 1997 Catalog/Guide 200 pages Canada/Mexico $1000 Bob Banka Only $8N Overseas $1500 Scale Model Research 3114 Yukon Avenue a Mesa CA 92626 714 979-8058 Look us net http //imt net/--ims/scalehtml five minutes can upgrade stan dard Futaba Airtronics servos ball bearing servos new EMS Ball Bearing Conversion Kit New case tops accurately molded super tough glass filled fuel-proof Celcon include top quality stainless steel ball bearing servo output shaft * Stops case top andlor plastic bushing wear * Prevents output gear shaft shimmy * Reduces friction improves servo centering * Enhances performance airplanes boats & cars * Mandatory helicopter servos * Free output arm provided case top * Guaranteed against breakage year * pay $3995 $2995 BBC-1 Fits FUTABA 528/S 128 538/S 138 548/S 148 Servos set 4$2595 BBC-2As above set I$695 BBC-3Fits AIRTRONICS 94102 Servos set 4$2595 BBC-4As above set 1$695 BBC-5Ball Bearing Only JR 501 507 RCDAPOLLO 05 10 FOCUS HS300 HS500 ACE 330342 342HS TOWER TS-5 Servos set 4$1995 Add $300 Shipping Handling orders 22483 Mission s Lane 714 692-1393 Info Only california Residents Add 775% Sales Tax Yorba Linda CA 92687 800 845-8978 Orders Only VISA MASTERCARD Accepted direction wind turning upwind crosswind ground paths radius gradually lengthens turn slows down airplane seeming steeply banked beginning turn turning crosswind upwind ground paths radius gradually shortens turn quickens airplane seems weathervane Statement 4 bringing its nose around smartly wind illusory visual effects result RC pilot being earthbound pilot airplanes cockpit RC pilot flying deck moving aircraft carrier steaming wind same speed would see things effect wind twofold 1 distorts apparent flight path ie ground path 2 inclines apparent flight planein complex manner described above former effect widely known later effect does seem have recognized heretofore Visually wind tips bends sky level flight planes seeming tipped bent tipped bent flight planes seeming level RC pilots wanting maintain level flight end up trying keep models flight plane tipped bent RC pilots attempts compensate illusory visual effects wind responsible RC flight phenomena erroneously considered direct aerodynamic effects wind Although RC flight phenomena direct aerodynamic effects wind real aerodynamic effects wind Because adverse aerodynamic effects wind result visual illusions pilots may minimize magnitude learning recognize resist illusions e Hershberger 436 Gayle Ave DeKaib IL 60115 38 Model Aviation Worlds Finest Laser Cut Rubber Powered Free Flight Scale Kits worlds leader Laser Cut Model Aircraft Kits kit features finest LASER CUT BALSA PARTS Contest Rubber Detailed Computer Drawn Plans Complete Hard PacZ AuthentIc Watershde DecaI Molded PlastIc Propeller Resi Colored TIssue Light WeIght Wheels Complete Step Step BuIldIng Instrudlons Please check local hobby dealer first kits available better hobby shops around world Full Line calalag $200 Add $450 shipping IcitOverseas orders add 20%FL residenls add 6% sales tax KMad USADealer Inquiree invited
Edition: Model Aviation - 1996/12
Page Numbers: 35, 36, 37, 38
Edition: Model Aviation - 1996/12
Page Numbers: 35, 36, 37, 38
Wayne Hershberger RC PILOTS WHO TALK ABOUT downwind stalls sometimes chided harboring naive superstitions about wind Aerodynamicist Ralph Gross has listed seven such superstitions fallacies paper titled Airplanes Wind Don Lowe passed along information Flying Lowe column Radio Control Modeler May 1994 Gross list excerpted Lowe reads follows 1 As turn upwind will gain altitude and/or airspeed 2 As turn downwind will lose altitude and/or airspeed 3 As turning upwind crosswind wind can get under wing cause airplane roll steeper bank 4 The airplane will tend yaw heading wind weathervane 5 The airplane can gain altitude faster headed wind cannot gain altitude fast heading downwind 6 To hold heading flying crosswind will have hold rudder 7 When flying downwind airplane likely stall flying upwind airplane less likely stall According Gross seven statements true However speaking about direct aerodynamic effects wind discounting indirect aerodynamic effects windmediated pilot considers indirect pilot-mediated aerodynamic effects wind appears likely statements true Actually truth falsity seven statements depends pilot ideal pilot does mediate undesirable indirect aerodynamic effects wind statements false just Gross claims However RC pilots tend mediate such effects sometimes disastrous consequences statements too true Certain illusory visual effects wind tempt RC pilots make inappropriate alterations airplanes flight characteristics eg holding bit up down elevator warranted Learning recognize resist temptations visual illusions takes practice following explanation should provide rudimentary understanding visual illusions adverse aerodynamic effects Aerodynamicists explain wind movement mass air relative surface earth whereas aerodynamics concerns movement air relative airfoils Therefore unless airfoil attached earth eg wind tunnel wind should irrelevant airborne airfoil doesnt see wind wind has w no direct aerodynamic effect upon performance flying airplanesbut does imply wind has no indirect aerodynamic effect upon airplanes flown ie piloted wind because pilots may very well see affected wind whatever affects airplanes pilot virtually certain affect airplanes aerodynamic perfonnance Indeed pilot controls airplanes flight path altering airplanes aerodynamic characteristics pilot changes aerodynamic performance aircraft offset illusory visual effects wind inadvertently mediating indirect aerodynamic effect wind indirect pilot-mediated effects wind mistaken direct aerodynamic effects wind aerodynamic effects wind nonetheless pilot-mediated downwind stall still stall occasioned wind Ironically pilots seem learn Grosss seven fallacies precisely experiences statements describe instance RC pilots hold bit up elevator fly downwind because think losing altitude going lose airspeed Statement 2 and likely stall Statement 7 Conversely RC pilots holding bit down elevator fly upwind because think gaining altitude going pick up airspeed Statement 2 less likely stall Statement 7 sure downwind stall pilotmediated direct effect wind autopilot would stall direction another nevertheless physical phenomenon occasioned wind downwind stalls result pilots false impressions losing altitude RC pilots think losing altitude going downwind gaining altitude going upwind does wind give RC pilots false impressions Surely wind some aeronautical fallacy aeronautical fallacy source false impressions false impressions source fallacy An RC airplane flying constant altitude above pilots eye level continually climbing falling pilots field view unless airplane circling pilot constant radius angular elevation increasing viewing distance decreases maximum angular elevation being directly overhead decreasing viewing distance increases minimum angular elevation being horizon airplanes angular elevation also varies directly function airplanes altitude its perpendicular distance surface earth Any alteration visual angle elevation attributable change viewing distance attributable change altitude vice versa brains seem incorporate trigonometric truth perceptual premise known research psychologists size-distance invariance hypothesis December 1996 35 TURKS THE INTIMIDATOR Q500 FULL KITS $39 99 Full 10 wide balsa wing skins Full lite ply sides better power transfer /is ply edge wing/stab/rudder Quality aluminum landing gear BUILD AS V-TALL OR CONVENTIONAL THIRD PLACE 94 & 95 NATS CONGRATULATIONS RALPH RINALDI CALL FOR PRICES ON QUALITY BALSA PRE BUILT $9999 Wings sbeeted witb epoxy As ply installed wing/stab/rudder Jigged built fuse carbon fiber installed wing UIJJ1J~jit1 97 Cherokee Dr Springfield MA 01109 accept personal cbeck money order COD $475 COD $700 S&H per kit 48 states 413-796-1925 Kwik Switch & Charging Jack Mount Cha rging jack door snaps shut keep dirt fuel out Mount battery switch charging jack convenient location DU BROs hanuy Kwik-Switch & Charging Jack Mount new 1996 4-color 48 page catalog see local dealer contact us 1-800-848-9411 Fax 1-847-526-1604 E-Mail du-bro@ixnetcomcom single set screw locks charging plug place Universal fit radio system DU-BRO Name Can Count 480 Boone Rd PO Box 815 Woacoada IL 60084 neural algorithms mediate sensory impressions objects altitude size distance regard viewing distance Provided actually registered pilots brain change models angular elevation serves mediate perceived change altitude distance regard both erroneous perceptual estimate implying erroneous estimate other Any RC pilot has seen tree bush fence leap outlup grab model airplane knows imperfectly perceive distance/altitude models readily confuse distance/altitude relationship another 100/25 looks like 200/50 example worse wind blowing because rate distance regard changes over time varies airplanes heading relative wind pilot simplicity lets consider four cases model going either directly against wind flies either directly toward away pilot Consider case RC airplane flying constant altitude above eye level directly wind directly toward pilot model will ascend very rapidly pilots field view giving appearance climbing accelerating once cautious pilot wanting slow down likely throttle back after airplane has flown overhead stiff wind pilots back airplane will rapidly descend field view tending give appearance diving though may holding gaining altitude cautious pilot wanting maintain altitude likely feed some up elevator Throttling back holding up elevator recipe stall Therefore flying wind RC pilot may unwittingly stall airplane mm U U U U U q GIANT SCALE 1/5 SCALE CENTURION WHICH SIZE FITS YOUR MACHINE U U U U U U U U LAND CENIIJRYJETMODELS INC YOUR INVESTMENT WITH Find us online wwwcenturyjetcom sales @ centuryjetcom tech @ centuryjetcom CONFIDENCE GIANT SCALE 1 dia cylinder 7/~ bore struts 32 in3 air tank 2 lb system craft up 50 lbs 1/5 SCALE 3/4~ dia cylinder 5/~ bore /2 3/4~ struts 22 in3 air tank 1t/2 lb system craft up 35 lbs CENTURION cylinder /2 bore truts 11 in3 air tank 14 oz system craft up 15 lbs I Century Jet Models IncAll systems come mu-spec stainless steel alloy struts 11216 Bluegrass Pkwy Louisville KY 40299Send $3 forstainless steel uplinks & scissors aluminum stainless Lbottom leg air lines 2 quick disconnect valves shuttle valve q Ph 502 266-9234 Fax 502 266-9244Catalogschrader filer valve mountng brackets U U U U U U U U U U U U 36 Model Aviation ying compensate illusory visual effects wind illusions psychological stall physical An airplane flying toward pilot directly wind will ascend field view relatively slowly thus may seem climbing trading airspeed altitude Similarly stiff wind blowing directly pilots face airplane flying constant altitude directly away pilot will descend field view relatively slowly again giving false impression airplane climbing trading airspeed altitude either case cautious RC pilot wanting speed up perhaps avoid imagined stall making andlor simply wanting maintain same altitude may feed down elevator induce shallow dive illusory climb psychological compensatory shallow dive physical Thus RC pilots less likely stall flying wind RC pilots tend climb mush along nose-up attitude flying downwind dive slightly flying upwind airspeed will differ accordingly too will effectiveness airplanes control surfaces airspeed will increase going upwind decrease going downwind airplane will responsive going upwind downwind Thus As turning upwind crosswind . airplane [will roll] steeper bank Statement 3 turning downwind crosswind physical effect increased airspeed addition illusory impression steep bank implied relatively short radius turn its ground path upwind crosswind An airplane flying perfect circle constant altitude moving air mass traces asymmetric ground path ground paths radius curvature continuously varies airplanes heading relative .-wwum Lw1muuLwJmujmuosIIu lur fllflTUU liii 1IFREE II0-Catalogi EM31OA ElevonMixer $2995 add $450 S&H TX res add 775% tax DESIqNEd R/C ENThUSIASTS foR RIG ENThusMsTs easy installation IV microprocessor controllec [V mode has 4 different rates 100% electronic hi8h reliability also mixes flaps spoilers v-tails IV reversing option fit installation [V prevents servos leine overdriven [V popular AM FM radios [V automatic turn coordination mixin9 aileron rudder Manufacturing finest quality RIO electronics Complete ayatems other products available planes cara PRECISIONMICROELECTRONICS cal/or writs details Box 3129 Corpua chriati TX 78463-3129 ORDERS 5121 815-0336MF lOam7pmSSllam4prnCT rW INFORMATION & 24 HOUR FAX ORDERS 512 814-5843 December 1996 37 EDGE SANDER e EASY way reare balsa sheets wino skinsl 1 i [I wl/ Antiques Military Civilian Helicopters Sailplanes have worlds largest aircraft documentation colledion 6400 different full color photo studies 1905-1996 Q 35000 3-view line drawings 1997 Catalog/Guide 200 pages Canada/Mexico $1000 Bob Banka Only $8N Overseas $1500 Scale Model Research 3114 Yukon Avenue a Mesa CA 92626 714 979-8058 Look us net http //imt net/--ims/scalehtml five minutes can upgrade stan dard Futaba Airtronics servos ball bearing servos new EMS Ball Bearing Conversion Kit New case tops accurately molded super tough glass filled fuel-proof Celcon include top quality stainless steel ball bearing servo output shaft * Stops case top andlor plastic bushing wear * Prevents output gear shaft shimmy * Reduces friction improves servo centering * Enhances performance airplanes boats & cars * Mandatory helicopter servos * Free output arm provided case top * Guaranteed against breakage year * pay $3995 $2995 BBC-1 Fits FUTABA 528/S 128 538/S 138 548/S 148 Servos set 4$2595 BBC-2As above set I$695 BBC-3Fits AIRTRONICS 94102 Servos set 4$2595 BBC-4As above set 1$695 BBC-5Ball Bearing Only JR 501 507 RCDAPOLLO 05 10 FOCUS HS300 HS500 ACE 330342 342HS TOWER TS-5 Servos set 4$1995 Add $300 Shipping Handling orders 22483 Mission s Lane 714 692-1393 Info Only california Residents Add 775% Sales Tax Yorba Linda CA 92687 800 845-8978 Orders Only VISA MASTERCARD Accepted direction wind turning upwind crosswind ground paths radius gradually lengthens turn slows down airplane seeming steeply banked beginning turn turning crosswind upwind ground paths radius gradually shortens turn quickens airplane seems weathervane Statement 4 bringing its nose around smartly wind illusory visual effects result RC pilot being earthbound pilot airplanes cockpit RC pilot flying deck moving aircraft carrier steaming wind same speed would see things effect wind twofold 1 distorts apparent flight path ie ground path 2 inclines apparent flight planein complex manner described above former effect widely known later effect does seem have recognized heretofore Visually wind tips bends sky level flight planes seeming tipped bent tipped bent flight planes seeming level RC pilots wanting maintain level flight end up trying keep models flight plane tipped bent RC pilots attempts compensate illusory visual effects wind responsible RC flight phenomena erroneously considered direct aerodynamic effects wind Although RC flight phenomena direct aerodynamic effects wind real aerodynamic effects wind Because adverse aerodynamic effects wind result visual illusions pilots may minimize magnitude learning recognize resist illusions e Hershberger 436 Gayle Ave DeKaib IL 60115 38 Model Aviation Worlds Finest Laser Cut Rubber Powered Free Flight Scale Kits worlds leader Laser Cut Model Aircraft Kits kit features finest LASER CUT BALSA PARTS Contest Rubber Detailed Computer Drawn Plans Complete Hard PacZ AuthentIc Watershde DecaI Molded PlastIc Propeller Resi Colored TIssue Light WeIght Wheels Complete Step Step BuIldIng Instrudlons Please check local hobby dealer first kits available better hobby shops around world Full Line calalag $200 Add $450 shipping IcitOverseas orders add 20%FL residenls add 6% sales tax KMad USADealer Inquiree invited
Edition: Model Aviation - 1996/12
Page Numbers: 35, 36, 37, 38
Wayne Hershberger RC PILOTS WHO TALK ABOUT downwind stalls sometimes chided harboring naive superstitions about wind Aerodynamicist Ralph Gross has listed seven such superstitions fallacies paper titled Airplanes Wind Don Lowe passed along information Flying Lowe column Radio Control Modeler May 1994 Gross list excerpted Lowe reads follows 1 As turn upwind will gain altitude and/or airspeed 2 As turn downwind will lose altitude and/or airspeed 3 As turning upwind crosswind wind can get under wing cause airplane roll steeper bank 4 The airplane will tend yaw heading wind weathervane 5 The airplane can gain altitude faster headed wind cannot gain altitude fast heading downwind 6 To hold heading flying crosswind will have hold rudder 7 When flying downwind airplane likely stall flying upwind airplane less likely stall According Gross seven statements true However speaking about direct aerodynamic effects wind discounting indirect aerodynamic effects windmediated pilot considers indirect pilot-mediated aerodynamic effects wind appears likely statements true Actually truth falsity seven statements depends pilot ideal pilot does mediate undesirable indirect aerodynamic effects wind statements false just Gross claims However RC pilots tend mediate such effects sometimes disastrous consequences statements too true Certain illusory visual effects wind tempt RC pilots make inappropriate alterations airplanes flight characteristics eg holding bit up down elevator warranted Learning recognize resist temptations visual illusions takes practice following explanation should provide rudimentary understanding visual illusions adverse aerodynamic effects Aerodynamicists explain wind movement mass air relative surface earth whereas aerodynamics concerns movement air relative airfoils Therefore unless airfoil attached earth eg wind tunnel wind should irrelevant airborne airfoil doesnt see wind wind has w no direct aerodynamic effect upon performance flying airplanesbut does imply wind has no indirect aerodynamic effect upon airplanes flown ie piloted wind because pilots may very well see affected wind whatever affects airplanes pilot virtually certain affect airplanes aerodynamic perfonnance Indeed pilot controls airplanes flight path altering airplanes aerodynamic characteristics pilot changes aerodynamic performance aircraft offset illusory visual effects wind inadvertently mediating indirect aerodynamic effect wind indirect pilot-mediated effects wind mistaken direct aerodynamic effects wind aerodynamic effects wind nonetheless pilot-mediated downwind stall still stall occasioned wind Ironically pilots seem learn Grosss seven fallacies precisely experiences statements describe instance RC pilots hold bit up elevator fly downwind because think losing altitude going lose airspeed Statement 2 and likely stall Statement 7 Conversely RC pilots holding bit down elevator fly upwind because think gaining altitude going pick up airspeed Statement 2 less likely stall Statement 7 sure downwind stall pilotmediated direct effect wind autopilot would stall direction another nevertheless physical phenomenon occasioned wind downwind stalls result pilots false impressions losing altitude RC pilots think losing altitude going downwind gaining altitude going upwind does wind give RC pilots false impressions Surely wind some aeronautical fallacy aeronautical fallacy source false impressions false impressions source fallacy An RC airplane flying constant altitude above pilots eye level continually climbing falling pilots field view unless airplane circling pilot constant radius angular elevation increasing viewing distance decreases maximum angular elevation being directly overhead decreasing viewing distance increases minimum angular elevation being horizon airplanes angular elevation also varies directly function airplanes altitude its perpendicular distance surface earth Any alteration visual angle elevation attributable change viewing distance attributable change altitude vice versa brains seem incorporate trigonometric truth perceptual premise known research psychologists size-distance invariance hypothesis December 1996 35 TURKS THE INTIMIDATOR Q500 FULL KITS $39 99 Full 10 wide balsa wing skins Full lite ply sides better power transfer /is ply edge wing/stab/rudder Quality aluminum landing gear BUILD AS V-TALL OR CONVENTIONAL THIRD PLACE 94 & 95 NATS CONGRATULATIONS RALPH RINALDI CALL FOR PRICES ON QUALITY BALSA PRE BUILT $9999 Wings sbeeted witb epoxy As ply installed wing/stab/rudder Jigged built fuse carbon fiber installed wing UIJJ1J~jit1 97 Cherokee Dr Springfield MA 01109 accept personal cbeck money order COD $475 COD $700 S&H per kit 48 states 413-796-1925 Kwik Switch & Charging Jack Mount Cha rging jack door snaps shut keep dirt fuel out Mount battery switch charging jack convenient location DU BROs hanuy Kwik-Switch & Charging Jack Mount new 1996 4-color 48 page catalog see local dealer contact us 1-800-848-9411 Fax 1-847-526-1604 E-Mail du-bro@ixnetcomcom single set screw locks charging plug place Universal fit radio system DU-BRO Name Can Count 480 Boone Rd PO Box 815 Woacoada IL 60084 neural algorithms mediate sensory impressions objects altitude size distance regard viewing distance Provided actually registered pilots brain change models angular elevation serves mediate perceived change altitude distance regard both erroneous perceptual estimate implying erroneous estimate other Any RC pilot has seen tree bush fence leap outlup grab model airplane knows imperfectly perceive distance/altitude models readily confuse distance/altitude relationship another 100/25 looks like 200/50 example worse wind blowing because rate distance regard changes over time varies airplanes heading relative wind pilot simplicity lets consider four cases model going either directly against wind flies either directly toward away pilot Consider case RC airplane flying constant altitude above eye level directly wind directly toward pilot model will ascend very rapidly pilots field view giving appearance climbing accelerating once cautious pilot wanting slow down likely throttle back after airplane has flown overhead stiff wind pilots back airplane will rapidly descend field view tending give appearance diving though may holding gaining altitude cautious pilot wanting maintain altitude likely feed some up elevator Throttling back holding up elevator recipe stall Therefore flying wind RC pilot may unwittingly stall airplane mm U U U U U q GIANT SCALE 1/5 SCALE CENTURION WHICH SIZE FITS YOUR MACHINE U U U U U U U U LAND CENIIJRYJETMODELS INC YOUR INVESTMENT WITH Find us online wwwcenturyjetcom sales @ centuryjetcom tech @ centuryjetcom CONFIDENCE GIANT SCALE 1 dia cylinder 7/~ bore struts 32 in3 air tank 2 lb system craft up 50 lbs 1/5 SCALE 3/4~ dia cylinder 5/~ bore /2 3/4~ struts 22 in3 air tank 1t/2 lb system craft up 35 lbs CENTURION cylinder /2 bore truts 11 in3 air tank 14 oz system craft up 15 lbs I Century Jet Models IncAll systems come mu-spec stainless steel alloy struts 11216 Bluegrass Pkwy Louisville KY 40299Send $3 forstainless steel uplinks & scissors aluminum stainless Lbottom leg air lines 2 quick disconnect valves shuttle valve q Ph 502 266-9234 Fax 502 266-9244Catalogschrader filer valve mountng brackets U U U U U U U U U U U U 36 Model Aviation ying compensate illusory visual effects wind illusions psychological stall physical An airplane flying toward pilot directly wind will ascend field view relatively slowly thus may seem climbing trading airspeed altitude Similarly stiff wind blowing directly pilots face airplane flying constant altitude directly away pilot will descend field view relatively slowly again giving false impression airplane climbing trading airspeed altitude either case cautious RC pilot wanting speed up perhaps avoid imagined stall making andlor simply wanting maintain same altitude may feed down elevator induce shallow dive illusory climb psychological compensatory shallow dive physical Thus RC pilots less likely stall flying wind RC pilots tend climb mush along nose-up attitude flying downwind dive slightly flying upwind airspeed will differ accordingly too will effectiveness airplanes control surfaces airspeed will increase going upwind decrease going downwind airplane will responsive going upwind downwind Thus As turning upwind crosswind . airplane [will roll] steeper bank Statement 3 turning downwind crosswind physical effect increased airspeed addition illusory impression steep bank implied relatively short radius turn its ground path upwind crosswind An airplane flying perfect circle constant altitude moving air mass traces asymmetric ground path ground paths radius curvature continuously varies airplanes heading relative .-wwum Lw1muuLwJmujmuosIIu lur fllflTUU liii 1IFREE II0-Catalogi EM31OA ElevonMixer $2995 add $450 S&H TX res add 775% tax DESIqNEd R/C ENThUSIASTS foR RIG ENThusMsTs easy installation IV microprocessor controllec [V mode has 4 different rates 100% electronic hi8h reliability also mixes flaps spoilers v-tails IV reversing option fit installation [V prevents servos leine overdriven [V popular AM FM radios [V automatic turn coordination mixin9 aileron rudder Manufacturing finest quality RIO electronics Complete ayatems other products available planes cara PRECISIONMICROELECTRONICS cal/or writs details Box 3129 Corpua chriati TX 78463-3129 ORDERS 5121 815-0336MF lOam7pmSSllam4prnCT rW INFORMATION & 24 HOUR FAX ORDERS 512 814-5843 December 1996 37 EDGE SANDER e EASY way reare balsa sheets wino skinsl 1 i [I wl/ Antiques Military Civilian Helicopters Sailplanes have worlds largest aircraft documentation colledion 6400 different full color photo studies 1905-1996 Q 35000 3-view line drawings 1997 Catalog/Guide 200 pages Canada/Mexico $1000 Bob Banka Only $8N Overseas $1500 Scale Model Research 3114 Yukon Avenue a Mesa CA 92626 714 979-8058 Look us net http //imt net/--ims/scalehtml five minutes can upgrade stan dard Futaba Airtronics servos ball bearing servos new EMS Ball Bearing Conversion Kit New case tops accurately molded super tough glass filled fuel-proof Celcon include top quality stainless steel ball bearing servo output shaft * Stops case top andlor plastic bushing wear * Prevents output gear shaft shimmy * Reduces friction improves servo centering * Enhances performance airplanes boats & cars * Mandatory helicopter servos * Free output arm provided case top * Guaranteed against breakage year * pay $3995 $2995 BBC-1 Fits FUTABA 528/S 128 538/S 138 548/S 148 Servos set 4$2595 BBC-2As above set I$695 BBC-3Fits AIRTRONICS 94102 Servos set 4$2595 BBC-4As above set 1$695 BBC-5Ball Bearing Only JR 501 507 RCDAPOLLO 05 10 FOCUS HS300 HS500 ACE 330342 342HS TOWER TS-5 Servos set 4$1995 Add $300 Shipping Handling orders 22483 Mission s Lane 714 692-1393 Info Only california Residents Add 775% Sales Tax Yorba Linda CA 92687 800 845-8978 Orders Only VISA MASTERCARD Accepted direction wind turning upwind crosswind ground paths radius gradually lengthens turn slows down airplane seeming steeply banked beginning turn turning crosswind upwind ground paths radius gradually shortens turn quickens airplane seems weathervane Statement 4 bringing its nose around smartly wind illusory visual effects result RC pilot being earthbound pilot airplanes cockpit RC pilot flying deck moving aircraft carrier steaming wind same speed would see things effect wind twofold 1 distorts apparent flight path ie ground path 2 inclines apparent flight planein complex manner described above former effect widely known later effect does seem have recognized heretofore Visually wind tips bends sky level flight planes seeming tipped bent tipped bent flight planes seeming level RC pilots wanting maintain level flight end up trying keep models flight plane tipped bent RC pilots attempts compensate illusory visual effects wind responsible RC flight phenomena erroneously considered direct aerodynamic effects wind Although RC flight phenomena direct aerodynamic effects wind real aerodynamic effects wind Because adverse aerodynamic effects wind result visual illusions pilots may minimize magnitude learning recognize resist illusions e Hershberger 436 Gayle Ave DeKaib IL 60115 38 Model Aviation Worlds Finest Laser Cut Rubber Powered Free Flight Scale Kits worlds leader Laser Cut Model Aircraft Kits kit features finest LASER CUT BALSA PARTS Contest Rubber Detailed Computer Drawn Plans Complete Hard PacZ AuthentIc Watershde DecaI Molded PlastIc Propeller Resi Colored TIssue Light WeIght Wheels Complete Step Step BuIldIng Instrudlons Please check local hobby dealer first kits available better hobby shops around world Full Line calalag $200 Add $450 shipping IcitOverseas orders add 20%FL residenls add 6% sales tax KMad USADealer Inquiree invited
Edition: Model Aviation - 1996/12
Page Numbers: 35, 36, 37, 38
Wayne Hershberger RC PILOTS WHO TALK ABOUT downwind stalls sometimes chided harboring naive superstitions about wind Aerodynamicist Ralph Gross has listed seven such superstitions fallacies paper titled Airplanes Wind Don Lowe passed along information Flying Lowe column Radio Control Modeler May 1994 Gross list excerpted Lowe reads follows 1 As turn upwind will gain altitude and/or airspeed 2 As turn downwind will lose altitude and/or airspeed 3 As turning upwind crosswind wind can get under wing cause airplane roll steeper bank 4 The airplane will tend yaw heading wind weathervane 5 The airplane can gain altitude faster headed wind cannot gain altitude fast heading downwind 6 To hold heading flying crosswind will have hold rudder 7 When flying downwind airplane likely stall flying upwind airplane less likely stall According Gross seven statements true However speaking about direct aerodynamic effects wind discounting indirect aerodynamic effects windmediated pilot considers indirect pilot-mediated aerodynamic effects wind appears likely statements true Actually truth falsity seven statements depends pilot ideal pilot does mediate undesirable indirect aerodynamic effects wind statements false just Gross claims However RC pilots tend mediate such effects sometimes disastrous consequences statements too true Certain illusory visual effects wind tempt RC pilots make inappropriate alterations airplanes flight characteristics eg holding bit up down elevator warranted Learning recognize resist temptations visual illusions takes practice following explanation should provide rudimentary understanding visual illusions adverse aerodynamic effects Aerodynamicists explain wind movement mass air relative surface earth whereas aerodynamics concerns movement air relative airfoils Therefore unless airfoil attached earth eg wind tunnel wind should irrelevant airborne airfoil doesnt see wind wind has w no direct aerodynamic effect upon performance flying airplanesbut does imply wind has no indirect aerodynamic effect upon airplanes flown ie piloted wind because pilots may very well see affected wind whatever affects airplanes pilot virtually certain affect airplanes aerodynamic perfonnance Indeed pilot controls airplanes flight path altering airplanes aerodynamic characteristics pilot changes aerodynamic performance aircraft offset illusory visual effects wind inadvertently mediating indirect aerodynamic effect wind indirect pilot-mediated effects wind mistaken direct aerodynamic effects wind aerodynamic effects wind nonetheless pilot-mediated downwind stall still stall occasioned wind Ironically pilots seem learn Grosss seven fallacies precisely experiences statements describe instance RC pilots hold bit up elevator fly downwind because think losing altitude going lose airspeed Statement 2 and likely stall Statement 7 Conversely RC pilots holding bit down elevator fly upwind because think gaining altitude going pick up airspeed Statement 2 less likely stall Statement 7 sure downwind stall pilotmediated direct effect wind autopilot would stall direction another nevertheless physical phenomenon occasioned wind downwind stalls result pilots false impressions losing altitude RC pilots think losing altitude going downwind gaining altitude going upwind does wind give RC pilots false impressions Surely wind some aeronautical fallacy aeronautical fallacy source false impressions false impressions source fallacy An RC airplane flying constant altitude above pilots eye level continually climbing falling pilots field view unless airplane circling pilot constant radius angular elevation increasing viewing distance decreases maximum angular elevation being directly overhead decreasing viewing distance increases minimum angular elevation being horizon airplanes angular elevation also varies directly function airplanes altitude its perpendicular distance surface earth Any alteration visual angle elevation attributable change viewing distance 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directly toward pilot model will ascend very rapidly pilots field view giving appearance climbing accelerating once cautious pilot wanting slow down likely throttle back after airplane has flown overhead stiff wind pilots back airplane will rapidly descend field view tending give appearance diving though may holding gaining altitude cautious pilot wanting maintain altitude likely feed some up elevator Throttling back holding up elevator recipe stall Therefore flying wind RC pilot may unwittingly stall airplane mm U U U U U q GIANT SCALE 1/5 SCALE CENTURION WHICH SIZE FITS YOUR MACHINE U U U U U U U U LAND CENIIJRYJETMODELS INC YOUR INVESTMENT WITH Find us online wwwcenturyjetcom sales @ centuryjetcom tech @ centuryjetcom CONFIDENCE GIANT SCALE 1 dia cylinder 7/~ bore struts 32 in3 air tank 2 lb system craft up 50 lbs 1/5 SCALE 3/4~ dia cylinder 5/~ bore /2 3/4~ struts 22 in3 air tank 1t/2 lb system craft up 35 lbs CENTURION cylinder /2 bore truts 11 in3 air tank 14 oz system craft up 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Only VISA MASTERCARD Accepted direction wind turning upwind crosswind ground paths radius gradually lengthens turn slows down airplane seeming steeply banked beginning turn turning crosswind upwind ground paths radius gradually shortens turn quickens airplane seems weathervane Statement 4 bringing its nose around smartly wind illusory visual effects result RC pilot being earthbound pilot airplanes cockpit RC pilot flying deck moving aircraft carrier steaming wind same speed would see things effect wind twofold 1 distorts apparent flight path ie ground path 2 inclines apparent flight planein complex manner described above former effect widely known later effect does seem have recognized heretofore Visually wind tips bends sky level flight planes seeming tipped bent tipped bent flight planes seeming level RC pilots wanting maintain level flight end up trying keep models flight plane tipped bent RC pilots attempts compensate illusory visual effects wind responsible RC flight phenomena erroneously considered direct aerodynamic effects wind Although RC flight phenomena direct aerodynamic effects wind real aerodynamic effects wind Because adverse aerodynamic effects wind result visual illusions pilots may minimize magnitude learning recognize resist illusions e Hershberger 436 Gayle Ave DeKaib IL 60115 38 Model Aviation Worlds Finest Laser Cut Rubber Powered Free Flight Scale Kits worlds leader Laser Cut Model Aircraft Kits kit features finest LASER CUT BALSA PARTS Contest Rubber Detailed Computer Drawn Plans Complete Hard PacZ AuthentIc Watershde DecaI Molded PlastIc Propeller Resi Colored TIssue Light WeIght Wheels Complete Step Step BuIldIng Instrudlons Please check local hobby dealer first kits available better hobby shops around world Full Line calalag $200 Add $450 shipping IcitOverseas orders add 20%FL residenls add 6% sales tax KMad USADealer Inquiree invited
